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Cold‐climate shattering (1974 to 1993) of 200 glacial erratics on the exposed bottom of a recently drained arctic lake, Western Arctic coast, Canada

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  • J. Ross Mackay

Abstract

The shattering of 200 glacial erratics on the exposed bottom of an Arctic lake that drained rapidly, probably in 1955, was studied from 1974 to 1993. Most of the erratics were igneous rocks derived from the Canadian Shield. The erratics, which were unshattered before 1974, had already survived, in varying degrees, at least three prior stages of shattering: first, when many of the rocks were in the thin active layer of the glacial till that covered the area; second, when all of the rocks, after submergence by lake enlargement, underwent annual freeze–thaw cycles under saturated conditions; and third when, after rapid lake drainage, the rocks were exposed to cold sub‐aerial climate conditions before being marked for study in 1974. The 200 rocks were checked in 1977, 1978, 1979, 1987, 1988 and 1993. In 1993, the last year of observation, 180 of the original 200 rocks were relocated. The results showed that at least 10 of the 200 rocks had shattered, these being: at least 2 out of about 136 granites; 1 out of about 6 gneisses; 1 out of 2 sandstones; and 6 out of about 22 dolomites. The impervious granites probably hydrofractured from the freezing of water in closed to semi‐closed systems or from thermal shocks. Rocks which facilitated the entry of water, such as those with a foliation, schistosity or porosity, broke the most frequently, many probably from ice segregation. Some of the dolomites probably shattered explosively. In support of the ice segregation theory of shattering for some types of rocks, an example is given of present‐day ice segregation in a Cretaceous shale at the mouth of nearby Horton River, NWT. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. La désagrégation de 200 blocs erratiques glaciaires présents sur le fond d'un lac arctique qui a été drainé rapidement, probablement en 1955, a été étudiée de 1974 à 1993. La majorité des erratiques étaient constitués de roches ignées provenant du bouclier canadien. Les erratiques qui n'étaient pas brisés avant 1974 avaient déjà survécus à des degrés variables à au moins 3 périodes de désagrégation: premièrement quand beaucoup se sont trouvés dans la couche active du till qui a recouvert la région; deuxièmement lorsque tous ces blocs après submersion dans le lac ont subi des cycles de gel‐dégel dans des conditions de saturation hydrique; et troisièmement, quand après la vidange rapide du lac, les blocs ont été exposés aux conditions climatiques subaériennes avant d'être marqués pour la présente étude en 1974. Les 200 blocs ont été observés en 1977, 1978, 1979, 1987, 1988 et 1993. En 1993, la dernière année d'observation, 180 des 200 blocs originels ont été retrouvés. A ce moment au moins 10 des 200 blocs étaient fracturés, à savoir: au moins 2 des 136 granites, 1 des 6 gneiss, 1 des 2 grès, et 6 parmi les 22 dolomites. Les granites imperméables ont été sans doute fracturés à la suite du gel de l'eau dans des systèmes fermés ou semi‐fermés ou encore à la suite de chocs thermiques. Les roches qui permettent l'entrée d'eau comme ceux qui ont une foliation, une schistosité ou une porosité se sont brisés le plus fréquemment, beaucoup sans doute par formation de glace de ségrégation. Quelques unes des dolomites se sont désagrégées probablement d'une manière explosive. En accord avec la théorie de la désagrégation par de la glace de ségrégation, un exemple est donné de la désagrégation actuelle d'un schiste crétacé à l'embouchure (peu éloignée du site d'études) de la rivière Horton, N.W.T. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • J. Ross Mackay, 1999. "Cold‐climate shattering (1974 to 1993) of 200 glacial erratics on the exposed bottom of a recently drained arctic lake, Western Arctic coast, Canada," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(2), pages 125-136, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:10:y:1999:i:2:p:125-136
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199904/06)10:23.0.CO;2-L
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