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Parents’ Use of Subsidiaries to “Push Down” Earnings Management: Evidence from Italy

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  • Massimiliano Bonacchi
  • Fabrizio Cipollini
  • Paul Zarowin

Abstract

We find evidence consistent with Italian nonlisted subsidiaries engaging in accrual and real earnings management, so that their listed parents can meet or beat benchmarks. Thus, the parent firm drives the earnings management of the subsidiaries. We identify parents that are more likely to have managed earnings as the ones that avoid a small loss or meet or beat analyst forecast by a few cents. Cross‐sectional analysis reveals that Big 4 auditors mitigate accrual earnings management at the subsidiary level and that family‐owned firms use earnings management through nonlisted subsidiaries mainly to avoid reporting losses. Finally, we find that parent firms communicate earnings management strategies to their subsidiaries using board proximity. Our evidence shows that business groups manage earnings differently from single firms, pushing earnings management down to subsidiaries. It also supports the monitoring role of Big 4 auditors in a business group setting and contributes to understanding financial reporting decisions in family‐owned firms. Les auteurs recueillent des données qui confirment que des filiales italiennes non cotées se chargent de la gestion des régularisations et du résultat réel, de façon à ce que leurs sociétés mères cotées puissent atteindre ou dépasser les indicateurs de référence. La société mère est donc celle qui induit le comportement de gestion du résultat des filiales. Les auteurs notent que les sociétés mères qui sont davantage susceptibles de pratiquer la gestion du résultat sont celles qui cherchent à éviter une légère perte ou qui atteignent ou dépassent de quelques cents les prévisions des analystes. Une analyse transversale révèle que les auditeurs des Quatre Grands atténuent, à l’échelon des filiales, la gestion du résultat au moyen des régularisations et que les entreprises familiales ont recours à la gestion du résultat par l'intermédiaire de filiales non cotées principalement pour éviter de devoir déclarer des pertes. Enfin, les auteurs constatent que les sociétés mères communiquent à leurs filiales des stratégies de gestion du résultat en se servant de la proximité des conseils d'administration. Les données recueillies montrent que les groupes d'entreprises appliquent un mode de gestion du résultat qui diffère de celui des entreprises individuelles en déléguant la gestion du résultat à des filiales. Ces données confirment également le rôle de surveillance des auditeurs des Quatre Grands dans le contexte d'un groupe d'entreprises et contribuent à expliquer les décisions des entreprises familiales en matière d'information financière.

Suggested Citation

  • Massimiliano Bonacchi & Fabrizio Cipollini & Paul Zarowin, 2018. "Parents’ Use of Subsidiaries to “Push Down” Earnings Management: Evidence from Italy," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 35(3), pages 1332-1362, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:35:y:2018:i:3:p:1332-1362
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12330
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    Cited by:

    1. Kim, Hyonok & Wilcox, James A. & Yasuda, Yukihiro & 安田, 行宏, 2020. "Internal and External Lending by Nonfinancial Businesses," Working Paper Series G-1-23, Hitotsubashi University Center for Financial Research.
    2. Marek Gruszczyński, 2022. "Accounting and Econometrics: From Paweł Ciompa to Contemporary Research," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-10, November.
    3. Ahsan Habib & Dinithi Ranasinghe & Julia Yonghua Wu & Pallab Kumar Biswas & Fawad Ahmad, 2022. "Real earnings management: A review of the international literature," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(4), pages 4279-4344, December.
    4. Yamada, Akihiro & Sakurai, Yuuta & Ishida, Ryo, 2020. "Influence of geographic distribution on real activities manipulation within consolidated companies: Evidence from Japan," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).

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