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Executive Gender Pay Gaps: The Roles of Female Risk Aversion and Board Representation

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  • Mary Ellen Carter
  • Francesca Franco
  • Mireia Gine

Abstract

Using a large sample of executives in S&P 1500 firms over 1996–2010, we document significant salary and total compensation gaps between female and male executives and explore two possible explanations for the gaps. We find support for greater female risk aversion as one contributing factor. Female executives hold significantly lower equity incentives and demand larger salary premiums for bearing a given level of compensation risk. These results suggest that females’ risk aversion contributes to the observed lower pay levels through its effect on ex ante compensation structures. We also find evidence that the lack of gender diversity on corporate boards affects the size of the gaps. In firms with a higher proportion of female directors on the board, the gaps in salary and total pay levels are lower. Together, these findings suggest that female higher risk aversion may act as a barrier to full pay convergence, despite the mitigating effect from greater gender diversity on the board.À partir d'un vaste échantillon de cadres de sociétés du palmarès S&P 1500 pour la période s’échelonnant de 1996 à 2010, les auteures documentent les écarts importants que présentent les salaires et la rémunération globale des femmes et des hommes cadres et explorent deux facteurs susceptibles d'expliquer ces écarts. Certains des résultats qu'elles obtiennent confirment que l'une de ces explications pourrait être l'aversion plus grande des femmes pour le risque. Les femmes cadres reçoivent une rémunération qui compte sensiblement moins d'incitatifs sous forme d'actions et réclament des primes salariales plus élevées pour un niveau donné de risque lié à la rémunération qu'elles acceptent de courir. Ces résultats semblent indiquer que l'aversion des femmes pour le risque contribue aux niveaux de rémunération plus faibles qui sont observés, par suite de son incidence sur les structures de rémunération ex ante. Les auteures constatent également que la faible mixité de la composition des conseils d'administration des sociétés influe sur l'ampleur des écarts. Dans les sociétés où la proportion d'administratrices est plus élevée, les écarts dans les niveaux des salaires et de la rémunération globale sont moins marqués. Ensemble, ces observations donnent à penser que l'aversion plus grande des femmes pour le risque pourrait faire obstacle à la convergence salariale intégrale, malgré l'effet atténuateur d'une mixité accrue dans la composition du conseil d'administration.

Suggested Citation

  • Mary Ellen Carter & Francesca Franco & Mireia Gine, 2017. "Executive Gender Pay Gaps: The Roles of Female Risk Aversion and Board Representation," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(2), pages 1232-1264, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:2:p:1232-1264
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12286
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