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Audit Fee Differential, Audit Effort, and Litigation Risk: An Examination of ADR Firms

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  • Scott N. Bronson
  • Aloke (Al) Ghosh
  • Chris E. Hogan

Abstract

Prior studies find that audit fees are higher for cross†listed firms, and these studies primarily attribute the incremental fees to added litigation costs. In this study, we investigate whether the higher audit fees that foreign firms cross†listed in the United States pay are also attributable to incremental audit effort associated with U.S. disclosure requirements and a more stringent U.S. auditing environment. By comparing audit fees of foreign cross†listed firms to U.S. domiciled firms and to non†cross†listed foreign firms, we are able to decompose incremental audit fees into portions attributable to added audit effort and to added litigation costs. We find that, on average, foreign firms cross†listed in the United States pay significantly higher fees than domestic U.S. firms and foreign firms that do not cross†list. Furthermore, we find that audit effort is almost as important as litigation costs in explaining the higher fees associated with foreign cross†listed firms; our estimates suggest that between 29 percent and 48 percent of the incremental fees are attributable to incremental audit effort. In addition, the total cross†listing premium is increasing in the difference between the U.S. auditing regulatory environment and that of the home country of the cross†listed firm. Our study improves our understanding of the role of audit effort in explaining the added fees charged by auditors when foreign firms cross†list in the United States.Les études ont jusqu'ici démontré que les honoraires d'audit sont plus élevés pour les sociétés intercotées, ce surcroît d'honoraires ayant été attribué principalement aux coûts supplémentaires associés aux litiges. Dans leur étude, les auteurs se demandent si les honoraires d'audit plus élevés que paient les sociétés étrangères intercotées aux États†Unis sont aussi attribuables au travail d'audit supplémentaire que nécessite le respect des exigences des États†Unis en matière d'informations à fournir et à l'environnement d'audit plus strict des États†Unis. En comparant les honoraires d'audit des sociétés étrangères intercotées à ceux des sociétés domiciliées aux États†Unis et des sociétés étrangères qui ne sont pas intercotées, les auteurs parviennent à décomposer le surcroît d'honoraires d'audit en éléments attribuables au travail d'audit supplémentaire et aux coûts supplémentaires associés aux litiges. Ils constatent qu'en moyenne, les sociétés étrangères intercotées aux États†Unis paient des honoraires sensiblement plus élevés que les sociétés nationales des États†Unis et que les sociétés étrangères qui ne sont pas intercotées. Ils observent en outre que le travail d'audit est presque aussi important que les coûts associés aux litiges dans l'explication des honoraires d'audit supérieurs que paient les sociétés étrangères intercotées; leurs estimations semblent indiquer qu'entre 29 et 48 pour cent du surcroît d'honoraires sont attribuables au travail d'audit supplémentaire. De plus, la prime totale associée à l'intercotation augmente avec l’écart entre l'environnement réglementaire des États†Unis en matière d'audit et celui du pays de résidence de la société intercotée. L’étude permet de mieux comprendre le rôle du travail d'audit dans l'explication du surcroît d'honoraires facturé par les auditeurs lorsque les sociétés étrangères sont intercotées aux États†Unis.

Suggested Citation

  • Scott N. Bronson & Aloke (Al) Ghosh & Chris E. Hogan, 2017. "Audit Fee Differential, Audit Effort, and Litigation Risk: An Examination of ADR Firms," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(1), pages 83-117, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:1:p:83-117
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12238
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    Cited by:

    1. Smith, Deborah Drummond & Gleason, Kimberly C. & Kannan, Yezen H., 2021. "Auditor liability and excess cash holdings: Evidence from audit fees of foreign incorporated firms," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    2. Natalia Diniz-Maganini & Abdul A. Rasheed & Mahmut Yaşar & Hsia Hua Sheng, 2023. "Cross-listing and price efficiency: An institutional explanation," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(2), pages 233-257, March.
    3. Nan‐Ting Kuo & Shu Li & Shiyun Zhai, 2022. "Institutional features and audit pricing of excess cash holdings: Do auditor liabilities beyond financial statement assurance matter?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(9-10), pages 1581-1604, October.
    4. Philip Beaulieu & Louise Hayes & Lev M. Timoshenko, 2023. "Changes in accounting estimates: An update of priors or an earnings management strategy of “last resort”?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(3-4), pages 622-659, March.
    5. Ferhat D. Zengul & Nurettin Oner & James D. Byrd & Arline Savage, 2021. "Revealing Research Themes and Trends in 30 Top‐ranking Accounting Journals: A Text‐mining Approach," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 57(3), pages 468-501, September.
    6. Minfeng Yu & Yi Si & Gaoliang Tian & Lei Zhang, 2023. "Climate risk and audit fees: An international study," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(5), pages 4989-5025, December.
    7. Sun, Xuan Sean & Habib, Ahsan & Bhuiyan, Md. Borhan Uddin, 2020. "Workforce environment and audit fees: International evidence," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(1).
    8. Xue, Bai & O'Sullivan, Noel, 2023. "The determinants of audit fees in the alternative investment market (Aim) in the UK: Evidence on the impact of risk, corporate governance and auditor size," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    9. Albert Tsang & Yi Xiang & Miao Yu, 2023. "Cross‐border regulatory enforcement and corporate voluntary disclosure," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(3-4), pages 482-523, March.
    10. Markus Widmann & Florian Follert & Matthias Wolz, 2021. "What is it going to cost? Empirical evidence from a systematic literature review of audit fee determinants," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 71(2), pages 455-489, April.

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