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An Archival Study of the Existence, Cause, and Discovery of Income†Affecting Financial Statement Misstatements

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  • GARY ENTWISTLE
  • DARYL LINDSAY

Abstract

. This paper reports the results of an archival study of the existence, cause, and discovery of income†affecting financial statement misstatements documented in the working papers of a major Canadian public accounting firm. In addition, it provides finer evidence than prior U.S. studies as to the audit procedures that first signaled the misstatements. Large dollar†value misstatements, found to be concentrated in relatively few accounts, arose primarily from judgment errors or biases (poor or unreasonable estimates made in the presence of adequate accounting information) or errors made in the performance of cutoff or accrual procedures. Substantive tests of detail and three sets of attention†directing procedures initially signaled the majority of the large dollar†value misstatements. The results suggest that nonrecurring activities such as cutoffs and valuations appear to be inherently more risky than recurring transactions and, therefore, warrant special attention when planning and performing audit procedures. Furthermore, the use of attention†directing procedures may improve the effectiveness of public accounting firms' audit approaches. Résumé. Les auteurs font état des résultats d'une étude d'archives portant sur l'existence, la cause et la découverte d'inexactitudes contenues dans les états financiers, et ayant une incidence sur les bénéfices, documentées dans les feuilles de travail d'un cabinet d'experts†comptables canadien majeur. Ils démontrent en outre, de façon plus probante que les études américaines précédentes, quels sont les procédés de vérification qui, les premiers, ont permis de relever ces inexactitudes. Les inexactitudes représentant des sommes d'argent importantes, qui, selon les observations des auteurs, sont concentrées dans un nombre de comptes relativement restreint, découlent principalement d'erreurs de jugement ou de distorsions (estimations de piètre qualité ou déraisonnables formulées en présence d'information comptable adéquate) ou d'erreurs commises dans l'application de procédés de démarcation ou de coupure de l'exercice. Les procédés de corroboration appliqués à des éléments particuliers ainsi que trois séries de procédés de sensibilisation ont permis de diagnostiquer, au départ, la majorité des inexactitudes représentant des sommes d'argent importantes. Les résultats donnent à penser que les opérations non récurrentes telles que les démarcations et les évaluations semblent présenter, par essence, davantage de risque que les opérations récurrentes et, par conséquent, méritent une attention particulière dans la planification et l'application des procédés de vérification. De plus, l'utilisation de procédés de sensibilisation peut améliorer l'efficacité des méthodes de vérification des cabinets d'experts†comptables.

Suggested Citation

  • Gary Entwistle & Daryl Lindsay, 1994. "An Archival Study of the Existence, Cause, and Discovery of Income†Affecting Financial Statement Misstatements," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(1), pages 271-296, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:11:y:1994:i:1:p:271-296
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1994.tb00444.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Jere R. Francis & Jagan Krishnan, 1999. "Accounting Accruals and Auditor Reporting Conservatism," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(1), pages 135-165, March.
    2. Md Jahidur Rahman & Hongtao Zhu, 2023. "Predicting accounting fraud using imbalanced ensemble learning classifiers – evidence from China," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(3), pages 3455-3486, September.
    3. Hung Chan, K. & Mo, Phyllis L. L., 1998. "Ownership effects on audit-detected error characteristics: An empirical study in an emerging economy," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 235-261.
    4. Palmrose, Zoe-Vonna & Richardson, Vernon J. & Scholz, Susan, 2004. "Determinants of market reactions to restatement announcements," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 59-89, February.
    5. Yang Bao & Bin Ke & Bin Li & Y. Julia Yu & Jie Zhang, 2020. "Detecting Accounting Fraud in Publicly Traded U.S. Firms Using a Machine Learning Approach," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(1), pages 199-235, March.

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