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The Shadow Economy Labour Force

Author

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  • Friedrich Schneider

Abstract

In this paper, the main focus lies on the development and size of the shadow economy labour force in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector, other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are also shown. The most influential factors on the shadow labour force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent literature underlines that economic opportunities, the overall situation on the labour market and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labour force.

Suggested Citation

  • Friedrich Schneider, 2011. "The Shadow Economy Labour Force," World Economics, World Economics, 1 Ivory Square, Plantation Wharf, London, United Kingdom, SW11 3UE, vol. 12(4), pages 53-92, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:wej:wldecn:495
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    Cited by:

    1. Emilia Chengelova, 2014. "Shadow Economy in Perception of the Bulgarian Society," Ikonomiceski i Sotsialni Alternativi, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 3, pages 5-22, July.
    2. Nezhyvenko, O., 2019. "Indirect or Macroeconomic Methods in Measuring the Informal Economy," Journal of Applied Management and Investments, Department of Business Administration and Corporate Security, International Humanitarian University, vol. 8(4), pages 201-215, December.
    3. Omodero Cordelia Onyinyechi, 2019. "The Financial and Economic Implications of Underground Economy: The Nigerian Perspective," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Sciendo, vol. 8(2), pages 155-167, July.
    4. Oksana Nezhyvenko, 2018. "Informal Employment in Ukraine and European Union Transition Countries," Erudite Ph.D Dissertations, Erudite, number ph18-03 edited by Philippe Adair, December.
    5. Pegkas Panagiotis, 2019. "Government Debt and Economic Growth. A Threshold Analysis for Greece," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 25(1), pages 1-6, February.
    6. Lien, Nguyen Phuong, 2015. "The impact of institutional quality on tax revenue in developing countries," Asian Journal of Empirical Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 5(10), pages 181-195, October.
    7. Feige, Edgar L., 2015. "Reflections on the meaning and measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the “Shadow Economy”?," MPRA Paper 68466, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Amendolagine, Vito & Capolupo, Rosa & Ferri, Giovanni, 2014. "Innovativeness, offshoring and black economy decisions. Evidence from Italian manufacturing firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 1153-1166.
    9. Panagiotis Pegkas, 2018. "The Effect of Government Debt and Other Determinants on Economic Growth: The Greek Experience," Economies, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-19, February.
    10. Todorović, Miodrag & Ljajić, Samir & Ivanović, Aleksandar R., 2016. "Effects of Tax Audit on Tax Evasion and Grey Economy in the Republic of Serbia," Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference (2016), Rovinj, Croatia, in: Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference, Rovinj, Croatia, 8-9 September 2016, pages 155-160, IRENET - Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, Zagreb.
    11. Opreţ Laura-Anca & Turcaş Florin Marius & Dumiter Florin-Cornel & Brezeanu Petre, 2017. "Tax evasion between fraud and legality," Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series, Sciendo, vol. 27(4), pages 1-11, December.
    12. Tafadzwa Telmore Tarupiwa, 2020. "The Analysis of Zimbabwe`s informal Sector`s Economic Sustainability Subject to Lockdown Effects," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 2(1), pages 43-52, June.

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