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Examining the pollution haven, and environmental kuznets hypothesis for ecological footprints: an econometric analysis of China, India, and Pakistan

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  • Anwar Khan
  • Yang Chenggang
  • Wang Xue Yi
  • Jamal Hussain
  • Liu Sicen
  • Sadia Bano

Abstract

This paper estimates the short and long-run impact of foreign direct investment, electricity consumption, and real GDP on ecological footprints in the context of environmental Kuznets and Pollution haven hypothesis for China, India, and Pakistan over 1970–2016. Panel and time series models have been adopted in this research. Results of the cointegration test revealed the long-run association among the considered variables. Furthermore, Fully-Modified and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square validated the pollution haven and environmental Kuznets hypothesis for the study area. On the other hand, the linkages between income and ecological footprints have identified U-shaped EKC in the case of China and India. The empirical results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test indicated a unidirectional causality from income to ecological footprints. In contrast, bidirectional causality found between ecological footprints and foreign direct investment and between ecological footprints and electricity consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Anwar Khan & Yang Chenggang & Wang Xue Yi & Jamal Hussain & Liu Sicen & Sadia Bano, 2021. "Examining the pollution haven, and environmental kuznets hypothesis for ecological footprints: an econometric analysis of China, India, and Pakistan," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(3), pages 462-482, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rjapxx:v:26:y:2021:i:3:p:462-482
    DOI: 10.1080/13547860.2020.1761739
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    Cited by:

    1. Amin, Nabila & Shabbir, Muhammad Salman & Song, Huaming & Farrukh, Muhammad Umar & Iqbal, Shahid & Abbass, Kashif, 2023. "A step towards environmental mitigation: Do green technological innovation and institutional quality make a difference?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    2. Zaman, Qamar uz & Zhao, Yuhuan & Zaman, Shah & Shah, Aadil Hameed, 2023. "Examining the symmetrical effect of traditional energy resources, industrial production, and poverty lessening on ecological sustainability: Policy track in the milieu of five neighboring Asian econom," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Aqib, Muhammad & Zaman, Khalid, 2023. "Greening the Workforce: The Power of Investing in Human Capital," MPRA Paper 116263, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Feb 2023.
    4. Qaisar Shahzad & Kentaka Aruga, 2023. "Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hold for Coal Consumption? Evidence from South and East Asian Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-17, March.
    5. Rafei, Meysam & Esmaeili, Parisa & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel, 2022. "A step towards environmental mitigation: How do economic complexity and natural resources matter? Focusing on different institutional quality level countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).

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