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The political contradictions of Algerian economic reforms

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  • Lahouari Addi

Abstract

From the outset, independent Algeria's political economy was marked by a paradox, for which it is still, today, paying the price. In 1962, the State, which is essentially public, was privatised, while commercial activities, which are essentially private, were made public. That was the time when revolutionary elites in the Third World thought that faith alone was enough to develop the country, using the State but without setting up the institutions guaranteeing free expression for the social groups organised as parties, trade unions, vested interests in order to participate in the political process. In the Boumedienne-Abdeslam period (1965-1978), the economic sector of the State was expected to absorb all commercial activities, from the large-scale steel industry down to the small local bakery, preventing the different social groups from enjoying any economic autonomy. Nor were they expected to make any claims on the political order. The State had set itself the task of satisfying all social needs through the so-called public sector whose vocation was not to make any profits, but to serve the public and, as a priority, the most destitute among the population. Cet article traite des réformes économiques en Algérie, à l'ordre du jour depuis les années 1980, non encore réalisées malgré les discours des gouvernements successifs. Visant formellement à opérer la transition de l'économie administrée vers l'économie de marché, ces réformes se heurtent à la nature autoritaire du régime dans lequel des clans puissants utilisent les institutions de l'Etat pour s'enrichir. Ils s'opposent à la concurrence et à la mise en place d'un capitalisme manufacturier productif, préférant la spéculation et le commerce comme seuls modes d'accumulation. Par ailleurs, l'Etat refuse toujours de se débarrasser du secteur économique public déficitaire, craignant de faire exploser les chiffres déjà élevés du chômage. Il préfère continuer à financer les déficits des entreprises sous sa tutelle et à distribuer des salaires vidés de leur pouvoir d'achat par des dévaluations massives, tout en interdisant la liberté syndicale pour empêcher les travailleurs de s'opposer aux effets de ces dévaluations. L'embellie financière, suite à l'augmentation spectaculaire des prix mondiaux des hydrocarbures à partir de 1999, n'est pas mise à profit pour augmenter les capacités productives du marché national. Un programme de reconstruction a été lancé, certes nécessaire, mais rien n'a été prévu pour encourager la production. Au lieu d'exploiter les formidables ressources financières pour modifier le caractère rentier de l'économie, le gouvernement a opté pour une politique distributive qui allège momentanément les effets du chômage et qui permet à une couche privilégiée de s'approprier une part importante de la rente énergétique.

Suggested Citation

  • Lahouari Addi, 2006. "The political contradictions of Algerian economic reforms," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(108), pages 207-217, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:revape:v:33:y:2006:i:108:p:207-217
    DOI: 10.1080/03056240600842651
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