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State-sponsored Research and Development: A Case Study of China's Biotechnology

Author

Listed:
  • Fangzhu Zhang
  • Philip Cooke
  • Fulong Wu

Abstract

Zhang F., Cooke P. and Wu F. State-sponsored research and development: a case study of China's biotechnology, Regional Studies. This paper examines the model of China's biotechnology innovation. It applies the typology of entrepreneurial, partnership, and developmental state to the Chinese biotechnology sector. Biotechnology development in China originates from state-sponsored programmes. Although China's total product sales only account for less than half those of the major biotechnology firm Amgen in the United States, Chinese biotechnology research capacities experience fast growth. State funding plays a crucial role in the latecomer situation. Geographically, biotechnology industries are concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and other major cities. The state promotes biotechnology development through strategic support in its 'Medium and Long Term S&T [science and technology] Development Plan', overseas talent-attraction programmes, commercialization initiatives, and the development of high-technology and science parks. However, such a model has its problems: the lack of sustained funding and underdeveloped venture capital, a weak link between research and industry, and under-performed intellectual property output. Faced with the funding constraint, contract research organizations have recently proliferated. Despite the strong role of state, it is concluded that the Chinese model of biotechnology innovation is a hybrid one, rather than the classical one of the developmental state, which combines various elements of different models. [image omitted] Zhang F., Cooke P. et Wu F. La recherche-developpement publique: une etude de cas de la biotechnologie en Chine, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a examiner le modele de l'innovation de la biotechnologie en Chine. On applique la typologie de l'esprit d'entreprise, du partenariat, et de l'etape de developpement au secteur de la biotechnologie en Chine. Le developpement de la biotechnologie en Chine remonte aux programmes finances par l'Etat. Bien que les ventes globales n'expliquent que moins de la moitie de celles de l'entreprise biotechnologique phare aux Etats-Unis, a savoir Amgen, la capacite de la recherche biotechnologique en Chine jouit d'un taux de croissance eleve. Les depenses publiques jouent un role primordial dans la recherche d'un pays qui y vient tard. D'un point de vue geographique, les industries biotechnologiques se concentrent a Beijing, a Shanghai, a Shenzhen et en d'autres grandes villes. L'Etat encourage le developpement de la biotechnologie par le soutien strategique au sein du Plan de developpement a moyen et a long terme de la S et T (la science et la technologie), des programmes de recrutement internationaux, des initiatives commerciales, et le developpement des technopoles. Cependant, un tel modele peut s'averer problematique: a savoir, le manque de fonds soutenus et le capital-risque sous-developpe, une synergie faible entre la recherche et l'industrie, et une propriete intellectuelle a faible rendement. Face a la contrainte financiere, des entreprises de recherche ont prolifere recemment. En depit de l'importance du role de l'Etat, on conclut que le modele de l'innovation biotechnologique en Chine s'avere une hybride plutot que la situation classique de l'etape de developpement, qui combine divers elements des modeles differents. Innovation Recherche-developpement Biotechnologie Modele de l'innovation Chine Zhang F., Cooke P. und Wu F. Staatlich subventionierte Forschung und Entwicklung: eine Fallstudie der Biotechnologie in China, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird das Modell der biotechnologischen Innovation in China untersucht. Hierfur wird die Typologie des unternehmerischen, partnerschaftlichen und entwicklungsfordernden Staates auf den chinesischen Biotechnologiesektor angewandt. Die Entwicklung der Biotechnologie in China hat ihren Ursprung in staatlich subventionierten Programmen. Obwohl der chinesische Gesamtumsatz mit Produkten weniger als halb so hoch ausfallt wie der Umsatz der wichtigen Biotechnologiefirma Amgen in den USA, sind die biotechnologischen Forschungseinrichtungen Chinas von raschem Wachstum gekennzeichnet. In dieser Nachzuglersituation spielen staatliche Subventionen eine entscheidende Rolle. In geografischer Hinsicht konzentrieren sich die Biotechnologieindustrien auf Peking, Schanghai, Shenzhen und andere Grossstadte. Der Staat fordert die Entwicklung der Biotechnologie durch eine strategische Unterstutzung in Form eines 'mittel- und langfristigen Entwicklungsplans fur Wissenschaft und Technik' sowie mit Hilfe von Programmen zum Anwerben hochqualifizierter auslandischer Fachkrafte, Vermarktungsinitiativen und der Entwicklung von Hochtechnologie- und Wissenschaftsparks. Ein solches Modell hat jedoch seine Probleme: Mangel an nachhaltiger Finanzierung, unterentwickeltes Risikokapital, eine schwache Verbindung zwischen Forschung und Industrie sowie zu geringe Leistungen im Bereich des geistigen Eigentums. Aufgrund der begrenzten Finanzierung sind in letzter Zeit zahlreiche vertragliche Forschungsorganisationen entstanden. Trotz der starken Rolle des Staates lasst sich das Fazit ziehen, dass China statt des klassischen Modells des entwicklungsfordernden Staates ein Hybridmodell der biotechnologischen Innovation aufweist, in dem sich die Elemente verschiedener Modelle miteinander verbinden. Innovation Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) Biotechnologie Innovationsmodell China Zhang F., Cooke P. y Wu F. Investigacion y desarrollo patrocinados por el estado: el ejemplo de la biotecnologia en China, Regional Studies. En este articulo analizamos el modelo de innovacion biotecnologica de China. Aplicamos la tipologia de actividad empresarial, colaboraciones y estado de desarrollo para el sector biotecnologico chino. El desarrollo biotecnologico en China proviene de los programas patrocinados por el estado. Aunque las ventas totales de produccion de China solo representan menos de la mitad de las que obtiene Amgen, la principal empresa de biotecnologia de los Estados Unidos, las capacidades de investigacion biotecnologica de China se distinguen por un rapido crecimiento. La financiacion estatal desempena un papel fundamental en esta situacion tardia. Geograficamente, las industrias de biotecnologia estan concentradas en Pekin, Shanghai, Shenzhen y otras ciudades grandes. El estado fomenta el desarrollo biotecnologico mediante un apoyo estrategico en su 'plan de desarrollo para ciencia y tecnologia a medio y largo plazo', y con ayuda de programas para atraer a talentos extranjeros, iniciativas de comercializacion y el desarrollo de parques de alta tecnologia y ciencia. Sin embargo, este modelo tiene sus problemas: la falta de fondos sostenidos y el subdesarrollo de capital de riesgo, un vinculo debil entre la investigacion y la industria y un nivel bajo de desempeno en cuanto a la propiedad intelectual . Ante esta limitacion financiera, en los ultimos tiempos han proliferado las organizaciones de investigacion por contrato. Concluimos que pese al fuerte papel del estado, el modelo chino de la innovacion biotecnologica es un modelo hibrido mas que clasico del estado de desarrollo, ya que combina los diferentes elementos de distintos modelos. Innovacion Investigacion y Desarrollo (I + D) Biotecnologia Modelo de innovacion China

Suggested Citation

  • Fangzhu Zhang & Philip Cooke & Fulong Wu, 2011. "State-sponsored Research and Development: A Case Study of China's Biotechnology," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(5), pages 575-595.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:45:y:2011:i:5:p:575-595
    DOI: 10.1080/00343401003604663
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Giorgio Prodi & Francesco Nicolli & Federico Frattini, 2017. "State restructuring and subnational innovation spaces across Chinese prefectures," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 35(1), pages 94-112, February.
    2. Jenn hwan Wang & Tsung-Yuan Chen & Ching-Jung Tsai, 2012. "In Search of an Innovative State: The Development of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in Taiwan, South Korea and China," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 43(2), pages 481-503, March.
    3. Sun, Yutao & Cao, Cong, 2018. "The evolving relations between government agencies of innovation policymaking in emerging economies: A policy network approach and its application to the Chinese case," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 592-605.
    4. Majidpour, Mehdi & Saber, Ali & Elahi, Shaban & Shayan, Ali & Sahebkar Khorasani, Seyed Mohammad, 2021. "Technological catch-up in the biopharmaceutical sector: Evidence from Iran," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    5. Xiaoqing Li & Yu Zheng & Catherine L. Wang, 2016. "Inter-firm collaboration in new product development in Chinese pharmaceutical companies," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 33(1), pages 165-193, March.
    6. Csomós György, 2017. "Mapping Spatial and Temporal Changes of Global Corporate Research and Development Activities by Conducting a Bibliometric Analysis," Quaestiones Geographicae, Sciendo, vol. 36(1), pages 65-77, March.

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