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Competitiveness of Regions from an Evolutionary Perspective

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Ron Boschma

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Abstract

Boschma R. A. (2004) Competitiveness of regions from an evolutionary perspective, Regional Studies 38 , 993-1006. Do regions compete, as firms do? How does one deal with the fact that regions, unlike organizations, are entities that do not act? Does it make sense to talk about the ability of regions to generate new variety? This paper aims to address these questions from an evolutionary perspective. It is meaningful to talk about regional competitiveness when the region affects the performances of local firms to a considerable degree. This is especially true when the competitiveness of a region depends on intangible, non- tradable assets based on a knowledge and competence base embedded in a particular institutional setting that are reproduced and modified through the actions and repeated interactions of actors. Although regions are increasingly becoming collective players actively responding to an increasing exposure to extra-regional competition, the paper explains why there are serious limits in enhancing the competitiveness of regions. By doing so, it questions the usefulness of benchmarking practices with the purpose of improving regional competitiveness: there exists no 'optimal' development model, it is difficult to copy or imitate a successful model from elsewhere, and new trajectories often emerge spontaneously and unexpectedly in space. Boschma R. A. (2004) La compétitivité régionale du point de vue évolutionniste, Regional Studies 38 , 993-1006. Les régions, est-ce qu'elles se font concurrence, comme le font les entreprises? Comment tenir compte du fait que les régions, à la différence des établissements, constituent des entités qui n'agissent pas? A quoi sert de discuter de la capacité des régions à engendrer de nouvelles idées? Cet article cherche à aborder ces questions-là d'un point de vue évolutionniste. Il vaut la peine de discuter de la compétitivité régionale au moment où la région influe sensiblement sur la performance des entreprises locales. Cela est vrai notamment lorsque la compétitivité régionale dépend des ressources incorporelles, non-commercialisables fondées sur une connaissance et une compétence ancrées dans un contexte institutionnel particulier, et qui sont reproduites et modifiées à l'aide des actions et des interactions renouvelées des acteurs. Bien que les régions aient de plus en plus l'esprit d'équipe, réagissant sérieusement au contact croissant à la concurrence extrarégionale, cet article cherche à expliquer pourquoi l'amélioration de la compétitivité régionale a d'importantes limites. De cette façon, on remet en question l'emploi des points de repère afin d'améliorer la compétitivité régionale: il n'existe pas de modèle de développement 'optimal', il est difficile de copier ou d'imiter un modèle réussi emprunté, et de nouvelles trajectoires se font souvent jour spontanément et à l'improviste sur le plan géographique. Boschma R. A. (2004) Die Konkurrenzfähigkeit von Regionen aus der Perspektive der Evolution, Regional Studies 38 , 993-1006. Konkurrieren Regionen miteinander wie Geschäftsfirmen? Wie soll man mit der Tatsache fertig werden, daß Regionen, im Gegensatz zu Organisationen, Einheiten sind, die nicht handeln? Hat es Sinn, über die Fähigkeit von Regionen zu sprechen, neue Vielfalt zu entwickeln? Dieser Aufsatz beabsichtigt, diese Fragen aus evolutionärer Sicht anzugehen. Es hat Sinn, über regionale Konkurrenzfähigkeit zu sprechen, wenn die Region die Leistung ortsansässiger Firmen in beträchtlichem Umfang beeinflußt. Dies ist besonders so, wenn die Konkurrenzfähigkeit einer Region von unbestimmbaren, nicht verkäuflichen Vermögenswerten abhängt, die auf einer Fachwissens-und Fähigkeitsgrundlage beruhen, die in einen besonderen institutionellen Rahmen eingebettet auftreten, und durch Einsatz und wiederholte Zusammenarbeit von Spielern neu inszeniert und abgewandelt werden. Obschon Regionen zunehmend zu Spielerkollektiven werden, die zunehmend von außerhalb der Region kommendem Wettbewerb ausgesetzt sind und aktiv darauf reagieren, erklärt der Aufsatz, warum es ernst zu nehmende Grenzen fur die Anhebung der Konkurrenzfähigkeit einer Region gibt. Damit wird die Nützlichkeit der Normenpraxis zum Zwecke der Anhebung regionaler Konkurrenzfähigkeit in Frage gestellt: es gibt kein 'optimales' Entwicklungsmodell; es ist schwierig, anderorts erfolgreiche Modelle nachzuahmen oder zu kopieren, und neue Flugbahnen treten oft spontan und unerwartet im Raume auf. Boschma R. A. (2004) La competitividad de las regiones desde un punto de vista evolutivo, Regional Studies 38 , 993-1006. Compiten las regiones de la misma forma que lo hacen las empresas? Como debe uno tratar el hecho de que las regiones, a diferencia de las organizaciones, son entidades que no actúan? Tiene sentido hablar sobre la capacidad de las regiones para generar nuevas diversidades? El objetivo de este artículo es abordar estas cuestiones desde un punto de vista evolutivo. Hablar de competitividad regional tiene sentido cuando una región afecta el rendimiento de las empresas locales de forma considerable. Esto es especialmente cierto en aquellos casos en los que la competitividad de una región depende de activos que son intangibles y no- comercializables basados en una base de conocimiento y competencia que está incrustada en un contexto institucional particular, los cuales se reproducen y se modifican mediante las acciones y las interacciones repetidas de los actores. Aunque las regiones se están convirtiendo cada vez más en jugadores colectivos que responden activamente a una creciente exposición a la competición extra-regional, el artículo explica por qué existen serias limitaciones a la hora de optimizar la competitividad de las regiones. Cuestionamos así el grado de utilidad de las prácticas comparativas que tienen el propósito de mejorar la competitividad regional: no existe ningún modelo 'óptimo' de desarrollo, resulta difícil copiar o imitar un modelo que ha dado buenos resultados en otros contextos, y nuevas trayectorias emergen a menudo de forma espontánea e inesperadamente de forma espontánea.

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Article provided by Taylor and Francis Journals in its journal Regional Studies.

Volume (Year): 38 (2004)
Issue (Month): 9 (January)
Pages: 1001-1014
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Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:38:y:2004:i:9:p:1001-1014

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Related research
Keywords: Evolutionary economics; Economic geography; Regional competitiveness; Benchmarking; Lock- in; Institutions;

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  1. Dula Borozan, 2008. "Regional Competitiveness: Some Conceptual Issues and Policy Implications," Interdisciplinary Management Research, Faculty of Economics in Osijek, Croatia, vol. 4, pages 50-63, May. [Downloadable!]
  2. Ron A. Boschma & Jesse W.J. Weltevreden, 2005. "B2c e-commerce adoption in inner cities: An evolutionary perspective," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0503, Utrecht University, Section of Economic Geography, revised Feb 2005. [Downloadable!]
  3. Djula Borozan, 2009. "Enhancing Regional Competitiveness Through the Entrepreneurship Development," Interdisciplinary Management Research, Faculty of Economics in Osijek, Croatia, vol. 5, pages 731-747. [Downloadable!]
  4. Rens L.J. Vandeberg & Ellen H.M. Moors, 2008. "A framework for interactive learning in emerging technologies," Innovation Studies Utrecht (ISU) working paper series 08-06, Utrecht University, Department of Innovation Studies, revised Feb 2008. [Downloadable!]
  5. Bjørn Asheim & Ron A. Boschma & Philip Cooke, 2007. "Constructing regional advantage: Platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge bases," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0709, Utrecht University, Section of Economic Geography, revised Nov 2007. [Downloadable!]
  6. Roberta Capello, 2008. "Regional economics in its 1950s: recent theoretical directions and future challenges," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 747-767, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Karl-Johan Lundquist & Lars-Olof Olander & Martin Svensson Henning, 2008. "Creative destruction and economic welfare in Swedish regions: Spatial dimensions of structural change, growth and employment," SRE-Disc sre-disc-2008_03, Department of City and Regional Development, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. [Downloadable!]
  8. Zoltan Bajmocy, 2006. "Opportunities of University Business Incubation in the Less Favoured Regions of Transition Countries," ERSA conference papers ersa06p190, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  9. Javier Revilla Diez & Matthias Kiese, 2006. "Scaling Innovation in South East Asia: Empirical Evidence from Singapore, Penang (Malaysia) and Bangkok," Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 40(9), pages 1005-1023, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Irene Daskalopoulou & Anastasia Petrou, 2006. "Small Business Performance in Urban Tourism," ERSA conference papers ersa06p399, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  11. Ron A. Boschma & Markku Sotarauta, 2005. "Economic policy from an evolutionary perspective: the case of Finland," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0509, Utrecht University, Section of Economic Geography, revised Aug 2005. [Downloadable!]
  12. Lucia Cusmano & Maria Luisa Mancusi & Andrea Morrison, 2006. "Globalisation of production and innovation: how outsourcing is reshaping an advanced manufacturing area," CESPRI Working Papers 194, CESPRI, Centre for Research on Innovation and Internationalisation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy, revised Dec 2006. [Downloadable!]
  13. Andrea GANZAROLI & Gianluca FISCATO & Luciano PILOTTI, 2006. "A scoreboard to evaluate clusters’ competitiveness in the knowledge-based economy. An empirical study on Emilia Romagna region," Departemental Working Papers 2006-30, Department of Economics University of Milan Italy. [Downloadable!]
  14. Jürgen Essletzbichler, 2005. "Diversity, stability and regional growth in the U.S. (1975-2002)," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0513, Utrecht University, Section of Economic Geography, revised Sep 2005. [Downloadable!]
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