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The determinants of Norwegian exporters' foreign exchange risk management

Author

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  • Dick Davies
  • Christian Eckberg
  • Andrew Marshall

Abstract

This paper examines foreign exchange (FX) hedging by Norwegian exporting firms to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of the hedging decision. The paper contributes to prior studies by, first, focusing on exporters to ensure that the companies in the sample have FX exposure, thereby allowing a more rigorous test of the theoretical determinants of hedging, and, secondly, in contrast to most previous studies that have focused on FX external hedging instruments, the use of both internal and external instruments is examined. Univariate, multivariate and multinominal analyses all provide evidence consistent with the firm value maximization hypotheses of underinvestment and risk aversion. Also, the following characteristics of firms—size, extent of internationalization and liquidity—are found to be related to the decision to hedge FX risk. However, the evidence on the links between the firm characteristics and the decision to hedge is not consistent across internal and external FX hedgers, and also varies for individual hedging instruments. Therefore it is argued that the empirical evidence on the theoretical determinants cannot be generalized to cover the full range of FX hedging strategies (which includes internal hedging instruments). Unlike empirical studies for other countries the evidence for Norwegian firms does not support the hypothesis that the avoidance of financial distress and the need to resort to external capital markets is a significant determinant of the hedging decision. Whilst the evidence suggests that country-specific factors may play a role in determining the use of FX hedging, it does not imply that the different policies adopted are necessarily inconsistent with the firm value maximization hypothesis.

Suggested Citation

  • Dick Davies & Christian Eckberg & Andrew Marshall, 2006. "The determinants of Norwegian exporters' foreign exchange risk management," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(3), pages 217-240.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:eurjfi:v:12:y:2006:i:3:p:217-240
    DOI: 10.1080/13518470500249274
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Maria João Jorge & Mário Gomes Augusto, 2011. "The Value Of Hedging Through Corporate Governance: A Literature Review And Directions For Future Research," Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, vol. 0(2), pages 113-130.
    2. B. Charumathi & Hima Bindu Kota, 2012. "On the Determinants of Derivative Usage by Large Indian Non-financial Firms," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 13(2), pages 251-267, June.
    3. Karim Ben Khediri & Didier Folus, 2010. "Does hedging increase firm value? Evidence from French firms," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(10), pages 995-998.
    4. Klimczak, Karol Marek, 2007. "Risk Management Theory: A comprehensive empirical assessment," MPRA Paper 4241, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Moosa Imad, 2011. "Risk Transfer Arrangements as a Hedging Device with Evidence from the Kuwaiti Dinar-British Pound Market," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, De Gruyter, vol. 7(2), pages 1-18, September.
    6. Fabio Parlapiano & Vitali Alexeev & Mardi Dungey, 2017. "Exchange rate risk exposure and the value of European firms," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 111-129, January.
    7. Mariia Bondarenko & Karel Brůna, 2021. "The Impact of FX Exposure on the Firm's Stock Market Return," European Financial and Accounting Journal, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2021(1), pages 45-70.
    8. Arnold, Matthias M. & Rathgeber, Andreas W. & Stöckl, Stefan, 2014. "Determinants of corporate hedging: A (statistical) meta-analysis," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(4), pages 443-458.
    9. Geyer-Klingeberg, Jerome & Hang, Markus & Rathgeber, Andreas W., 2019. "What drives financial hedging? A meta-regression analysis of corporate hedging determinants," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 203-221.
    10. Jan Christoph Neumann, 2020. "An Empirical Analysis of the Currency Hedging Behavior of North German SMEs," European Journal of Business Science and Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 53-65.
    11. Jan Christoph Neumann, 2019. "Hedging Currency Risks? An Evaluation of SMEs in Northern Germany," European Journal of Business Science and Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics, vol. 5(2), pages 129-142.
    12. Subhadip Mukherjee & Soumyatanu Mukherjee & Tapas Mishra & Udo Broll & Mamata Parhi, 2021. "Spot exchange rate volatility, uncertain policies and export investment decision of firms: a mean-variance decision approach," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(8), pages 752-773, May.

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