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The risks of cryptocurrencies with long memory in volatility, non-normality and behavioural insights

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  • Tak Kuen Siu

Abstract

This paper aims to study the impacts of long memory in conditional volatility and conditional non-normality on market risks in Bitcoin and some other cryptocurrencies using an Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated GARCH model with non-normal innovations. Two tail-based risk metrics, namely Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES), are adopted to study the tail behaviour of market risks in Bitcoin and some other cryptocurrencies. Empirical investigations for the tail behaviour based on real exchange rate data of cryptocurrencies are conducted. An extreme-value-theory-based approach is used to study potential improvements in the estimation for the risk metrics under GARCH-type models. The possibility of explosive regimes in cryptocurrencies’ volatilities is examined using Markov-switching GARCH models.

Suggested Citation

  • Tak Kuen Siu, 2021. "The risks of cryptocurrencies with long memory in volatility, non-normality and behavioural insights," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(17), pages 1991-2014, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:53:y:2021:i:17:p:1991-2014
    DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2020.1854669
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    Cited by:

    1. Ke, Rui & Yang, Luyao & Tan, Changchun, 2022. "Forecasting tail risk for Bitcoin: A dynamic peak over threshold approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    2. Amaro, Raphael & Pinho, Carlos & Madaleno, Mara, 2022. "Forecasting the Value-at-Risk of energy commodities: A comparison of models and alternative distribution functions," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 65, pages 77-101.
    3. Amaro, Raphael & Pinho, Carlos, 2022. "Energy commodities: A study on model selection for estimating Value-at-Risk," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 68, pages 5-27.
    4. Tak Kuen Siu, 2023. "Bayesian nonlinear expectation for time series modelling and its application to Bitcoin," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 64(1), pages 505-537, January.

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