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The Renaissance of National Corporatism: unintended side-effect of European Economic and Monetary Union or calculated response to the absence of European Social Policy?

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  • Jürgen R. Grote
  • Philippe C. Schmitter

Abstract

The “death certificate†issued to macro-corporatist concertation in Europe in the 1980s seems to have been premature - just as the “(re)-birth certificate†given it in the mid-1970s proved short-lived. At the very moment that academics first started using the concept to analyse trends in advanced capitalist societies, the practice had already peaked and it continued to decline thereafter. Then, just as many observers had announced its extinction, corporatism has risen again and now seems to be carrying its twin burdens of interest associability and policy-making to new heights during the 1990s. The primary “growth potential†for contemporary macro-corporatists at the national level lies in the feverish efforts of their governments and associations to adapt to EU directives, product and professional standards, verdicts of the ECJ and the convergence criteria for EMU. Trade unions may not be as directly involved in this process as they were in the past, but they have a great deal at stake. Given the failure of the EU to agree upon any significant elements of social citizenship to compensate for the impact of its extensive economic and monetary freedoms, organised workers in several member countries seem to have opted for a greater reliance on national institutions of tripartite negotiation and macro-economic pacting. European norms and competitive pressures had a strong indirect impact on the resurgence of this phenomenon which, in turn, will have many implications for the future of the European Union. Résumé Le « certificat de décès » octroyé à la concertation macro-corporatiste en Europe dans les années quatre-vingts semble avoir été prématuré, à l'image du « certificat de (re)naissance » qu'on lui avait donné dans les années soixante-dix et qui avait été de courte durée. Au moment même où les scientifiques ont commencé à utiliser ce concept en vue d'analyser les tendances dans les sociétés capitalistes avancées, son utilisation dans la pratique avait déjà atteint son sommet et elle a continué à diminuer par la suite. C'est alors que, de la même manière que plusieurs observateurs avaient annoncé sa fin, le corporatisme est de nouveau réapparu et semble maintenant devoir porter son double fardeau d'associabilité d'intérêts et de prise de décisions à certains nouveaux moments de son apogee durant les années quatre-vingt-dix. Le « potentiel de croissance » principal pour les macro-corporatistes réside à l'avenir dans les efforts fiévreux fournis par les gouvernements nationaux afin d'adapter les directives européennes, les normes professionnelles et des produits, les verdicts de la CEJ et les critères de convergence en vue de l'UEM. Les syndicats pe peuvent pas être aussi impliqués dans ce processus que dans le passé mais ils y ont un très grand intérêt. Compte tenu de l'échec de l'UE à se mettre d'accord sur des éléments significatifs de la citoyenneté européenne en vue de compenser l'impact de ses très grandes libertés économiques et monétaires, les travailleurs organisés de plusieurs pays membre semblent avoir opté pour une plus grande confiance dans les institutions nationales de négociation tripartite et les pactes au niveau macro-économique. Les normes européennes et la pression concurrentielle ont eu un fort impact indirect sur la résurgence de ce phénomène qui, à son tour, aura beaucoup de répercussions sur l'avenir de l'Union européenne. Zusammenfassung Den Totenschein, den man europäischen makro-korporatistischen Institutionen gegen Ende der achtziger Jahre vielerorts ausstellte, ereilte ein ähnlich ironisches Schicksal, wie die Mitte der siebziger Jahre erfolgten (Re-) Animationsversuche eines lange verschwunden geglaubten Phänomens. Etwa zeitgleich mit dem akademischen Interesse an einem theoretischen Konzept, das versprach, damalige Trends hochentwickelter kapitalistischer Gesellschaften einigermaβen adäquat widerzuspiegeln, hatte die Praxis korporatistischer Politikformen bereits ihren Höhepunkt überschritten und befand sich auf dem Weg eines kontinuierlichen Rückzuges. Als daraufhin eine wachsende Anzahl von Beobachtern das endgültige und unwiderrufliche Ableben des “organisierten Kapitalismus†verkündete, hatte sich der Trend erneut gewendtt. Gegenwärtig sind korporatistische Arrangements dabei, ihre durch starke Anforderungen an die verbandliche Mitgliedschaft und die politische Interessendurchsetzung charakterisierte doppelte Bürde neuen Höhen entgegenzutragen. Das Wachstumspttential dieser Arrangements in einer ganzen Reihe von Nationalstaaten läβt sich u.E. auf die fieberhaften Bemühungen von Regierungen und Verbänden zurückführen, der steigenden Zahl von EU Richtlinien, vereinheitlichten Produkt- und Branchenstandards, Einsprüchen des EuGHs und nicht zuletzt den Konvergenzkriterien der EWU gerecht zu werden. Dies mag Gewerkschaften zunächst wenigpr prekär erscheinen - in Wirklichkeit steht hier für sie eine Menge auf dem Spiel. Ausgehend von der Tatsache, daβ es der EU nicht gelungen ist, auch nur annähernd Elemente sozialer (Bürger-) Rechte in den Verträgen zu verankern, um die negativen Effekte wirtschaftlicher und finanzpolitischer Integration einzugrenzen, sieht sich die Gewerkschaftsbewegung in vielen Mitgliedsstaaten (und, aus z. T. anderen Gründen, darüber hinaus) heute dazu veranlaβt, stärker als zuvor auf tripartistische Verhandlungen und makro-ökonomische Bündnisse zu rekurrieren und diese für ihre strategischen Ziele einzusetzen. Diese durch einen starken indirekten Einfluβ von Integrationsfortschritt im monetären und Integrationsstillstand im sozialen Bereich induzierte Renaissance korporatistischer Politikformen wird ihrerseits unmittelbar auf die EU zurückwirken.

Suggested Citation

  • Jürgen R. Grote & Philippe C. Schmitter, 1999. "The Renaissance of National Corporatism: unintended side-effect of European Economic and Monetary Union or calculated response to the absence of European Social Policy?," Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, , vol. 5(1-2), pages 34-63, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:sae:treure:v:5:y:1999:i:1-2:p:34-63
    DOI: 10.1177/102425899900500105
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Franz Traxler, 1996. "Sozialpartnerschaft am Scheideweg: Zwischen korporatistischer Kontinuität und neoliberalem Umbruch," Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft - WuG, Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Abteilung Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Statistik, vol. 22(1), pages 13-33.
    2. Schmitter, P.C. & Grote, J.R., 1997. "The Corporatist Sisyphus: Past, Present and Future," Papers 97/4, European Institute - Political and Social Sciences.
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