Structural Contradictions, War Traps and Peace

Functional theories of warfare fail to provide adequate explanations for unrestrictive war which often results in the destruction of political communities as self-governing entities In the long run, such warfare is maladaptive for tribal populations contrary to the assertions of functional theory. An adequate theory of unrestrictive war must not only explain its structural origins but also its perpetuation. Structural contradictions within and between political communities generate 'fault lines', signified by divisive issues, that make warfare between them more likely. Perpetuation of such destructive warfare is based on the assessment of participating polities that war brings more benefits than risks. Cognitive learning theory provides an explanatory framework by means of which we can understand the decision-making process by which unrestrictive war is perpetuated as well as the circumstances under which tribes seek alternatives to it. Case studies of Mae Enga and Maori warfare are reevaluated employing a cognitive theory framework that brings into view other dimensions of Mae Enga and Maori war not consistent with 'functional' analysis.