Modelling urban transition with coupled housing and labour markets

This study develops an agent-based model of urban transition, U-TRANS, with coupled housing and labour markets to simulate the transition of a city during a major industrial shift. We propose a dynamic, bottom-up framework incorporating the key interacting factors and micro mechanisms that drive the transition paths of cities. Using U-TRANS, we simulate a number of distinctive urban transition paths, from total collapse to weak recovery to enhanced training to global recruit, and analyse the resulting outcomes on economic growth, employment, inequality, housing price and the local neighbourhoods. We find that poor neighbourhoods benefit the most from growth in the new industry, whereas rich neighbourhoods do better than the rest when growth stagnates and the city declines. We also find there is a subtle trade-off between growth and equality in development strategy. By aggressively recruiting a large number of skilled workers from outside of the city in a short time, the division between local and non-local workers can be widened. The study contributes to the understanding of the dynamic process and micro mechanisms underlying urban transition. It helps explain why some cities starting from seemingly similar initial conditions may go on divergent development paths at critical moments in the history. It also demonstrates the heterogeneous impact of industrial shift on different urban neighbourhoods. The model can be used as a policy testbed for different development strategies to help cities navigate through a major industrial revolution.