This article estimates the highly differential impacts of FDA regulations on pharmaceutical firms of various sizes (where size is measured as scale of R&D expenditures). Estimation is performed using the method of maximum quasi-likelihoods, using productivity trends of the United Kingdom as a control to isolate FDA regulatory effects in the United States. It is shown that smaller U.S. pharmaceutical firms suffered devastating reductions in research productivity because of FDA regulations. In contrast, the largest U.S. pharmaceutical firms apparently benefited from regulation, as sales gains due to reduced competition more than offset their quite moderate declines in research productivity.
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Volume (Year): 21 (1990) Issue (Month): 4 (Winter) Pages: 497-517 Download reference. The following formats are available: HTML
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