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Egypt: The Political Economy of a Vicious Circle - Egitto: la political economy di un circolo vizioso

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  • Musso, Giorgio

    (Università di Genova, Scuola di Scienze Sociali Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche)

Abstract

The current article attempts to outline a medium-term political economy framework to interpret the recent revolutionary and counter-revolutionary waves in Egypt. The January 2011 revolution has, among its many determinants, deep socio-economic roots which must be traced back to the failure of the economic recipes proposed by Egypt’s leaders since 1952. All of Egypt’s presidents have skilfully exploited a particular form of economic rent, defined here as “geopolitical rent”, in order to avoid tackling the structural imbalances of the Egyptian economy. On the contrary, they have allowed for the enlargement and consolidation vested economic interests by different sectors of the state apparatus in symbiosis with a crony bourgeois class, while the population has been kept politically quiescent through populist policies of subsidization and mass public hiring. The unsustainability of this approach has come to the fore when a spiralling debt forced the country into a structural adjustment process, and the events of January 2011 must be red against this background. The recipe proposed by the current counterrevolutionary government of general Abdel Fattah al-Sisi doesn’t constitute a novelty, and the status quo it has restored is much more unstable than it seems. - L’articolo tenta di delineare un quadro interpretativo di medio termine per analizzare le recenti ondate rivoluzionarie e contro-rivoluzionarie verificatesi in Egitto. Le radici della rivoluzione del gennaio 2011 possono essere rintracciate, pur se non esclusivamente, all’interno di profondi fattori di natura socio-economica riconducibili al fallimento delle ricette economiche adottate a partire dal 1952. I presidenti avvicendatisi in questi decenni hanno abilmente sfruttato un genere molto particolare di rendita economica, qui definita “rendita geopolitica”, evitando di affrontare i disequilibri strutturali dell’economia egiziana. Al contrario, essi hanno permesso a numerosi settori dell’apparato statale di estendere e consolidare i propri interessi in simbiosi con una borghesia parassitaria, mentre l’acquiescenza politica della popolazione è stata garantita da politiche economiche populiste di sussidio ai beni di consumo e assunzioni di massa nella pubblica amministrazione. L’insostenibilità di questo approccio è emersa nel momento in cui la crescita esponenziale del debito pubblico ha costretto il Paese ad avviare un processo di aggiustamento strutturale, ed è in questo contesto che vanno letti gli avvenimenti del gennaio 2011. Le ricette economiche proposte dall’attuale governo contro-rivoluzionario del generale Abdel Fattah al-Sisi non apportano novità significative in questo senso, e lo status quo restaurato dal nuovo regime egiziano è più instabile di quanto sembri.

Suggested Citation

  • Musso, Giorgio, 2015. "Egypt: The Political Economy of a Vicious Circle - Egitto: la political economy di un circolo vizioso," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 68(1), pages 139-152.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:ecoint:0748
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Vladimir Hlasny & Paolo Verme, 2018. "Top Incomes and the Measurement of Inequality in Egypt," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 32(2), pages 428-455.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Egypt; Transition economies; Foreign Direct Investments; Structural Adjustment; Rentier State;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F50 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - General
    • O53 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Asia including Middle East
    • P30 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions - - - General

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