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L'Europe entre l'Est et le Sud. L'ouverture à l'Est et les risques d'éviction pour le Sud

Author

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  • Jacques Adda
  • Roland Colin

Abstract

[fre] Depuis un an environ, un net consensus est apparu entre les pays industrialisés sur la nécessité de soutenir économiquement les transformations politiques en cours en Europe de l'Est. L'ampleur de la mobilisation financière intervenue en quelques mois au profit de la Pologne et de la Hongrie, puis de la Tchécoslovaquie, de la Bulgarie et de la Roumanie permet d'envisager pour ces cinq pays des transferts nets de ressources globalement équivalents à ceux dont a bénéficié l'Europe de l'Ouest après la guerre dans le cadre du plan Marshall, mais avec une population nettement inférieure dans le cas de l'Europe de l'Est. Encore ces transferts sont-ils modestes au regard de ce que s'apprête à réaliser la RFA au profit de la RDA, dont le cas doit être traité séparément. Dans le même temps l'aggravation de la crise dans de nombreux pays en développement, tout particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne, met en évidence les limites des dispositifs de coopération occidentaux, l'inadaptation des politiques d'ajustement préconisées, qui séparent le rétablissement escompté des grands équilibres macroéconomiques de situations sociales explosives, et l'insuffisance des réponses apportées au problème de la dette extérieure. Au delà de ces constats l'article tente de cerner les implications pour les pays en développement de l'ouverture à l'Est. Il montre que si des effets positifs peuvent être attendus à long terme d'un développement réussi à l'Est, les risques d'éviction à court terme pour le Sud sont très largement fonction des contextes macroéconomiques initiaux et variables selon la nature des flux considérés, budgétaires, financiers et commerciaux. [eng] A year ago, a large consensus emerged between the industrialized countries about the necessity of supporting economically the current political changes in Eastern Europe. Within a few months, the financial mobilization in favor of Poland and Hungary first, then Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania has reached a great magnitude. Net transfers of resources for these five countries could reach a level equivalent in absolute terms to that of Marshall aid to Western Europe. Moreover these figures should be evaluated considering that Eastern Europe's population today is less than half of post war Western Europe's one and that East Germany will receive additional transfers from West Germany. At the same time, the worsening of the crisis in numerous developing countries, especially in SubSaharian Africa, shows the inertia of the Western system of cooperation, the inadequacy of adjustment policies imposed — that dissociate macroeconomic goals from social conditions — and the irrelevance of the methods used for solving the debt problem. This paper attempts to identify the consequences for developing countries of the opening of Eastern Europe. It shows that if some positive effects could be expected in the long run from a successful economic development in Eastern Europe, crowding out effects for Southern countries will be predominant in the short run. Their magnitude will depend largely of the initial macroeconomic context and will vary acording to the nature of flows considered : budgetary aid, bank's credit, direct investment and commercial competition.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Adda & Roland Colin, 1990. "L'Europe entre l'Est et le Sud. L'ouverture à l'Est et les risques d'éviction pour le Sud," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 32(1), pages 145-201.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1990_num_32_1_1210
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1990.1210
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1990.1210
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