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Royaume-Uni : des difficultés structurelles

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  • Véronique Riches

Abstract

[fre] De 1982 à la mi-1985 le Royaume-Uni a connu l'une des croissances les plus rapides parmi les économies occidentales, ayant bénéficié simultanément de ses liens privilégiés avec les Etats-Unis, de ses ressources énergétiques et d'une production de services en plein essor. Les recettes fiscales tirées du pétrole ont permis d'assouplir la politique budgétaire tout en réduisant le déficit public. La hausse du pouvoir d'achat a stimulé la demande intérieure, tandis que les entreprises reconstituaient leurs profits grâce à d'importants gains de productivité. . Cependant l'activité manufacturière ne s'est que irès peu redressée et ses capacités de production se sont encore réduites. L'industrie britannique a particulièrement souffert de sa faible rentabilité due à la surévaluation de la livre, aux rigidités salariales et à un sous-investissement chronique. Sa place dans l'économie est très en retrait de celle de ses homologues européennes. En conséquence l'appareil de production s'est trouvé saturé et la pénétration étrangère s'est fortement accrue, entraînant l'essoufflement de la reprise de la mi-1985 à l'été dernier. . La chute du prix du pétrole a révélé les fragilités structurelles du Royaume-Uni et sapé la confiance dans la livre, déjà ébranlée par l'importance des hausses salariales. En menaçant l'effort de redressement budgétaire, elle conduit à accélérer le rythme des privatisations. En relançant la consommation elle accentue le déficit commercial de biens manufacturés et fait apparaître un déficit des paiements courants. La maîtrise de l'inflation est moins assurée que sur le continent. . A l'inverse une chance paraît s'offrir à l'industrie. La dépréciation de la monnaie a rendu compétitifs les coûts salariaux alors que la gestion de la main-d'œuvre s'est nettement améliorée. La rentabilité industrielle se compare plus favorablement que par le passé à celle des autres secteurs et la demande, interne et externe, semble devoir rester soutenue. Saisir cette chance implique toutefois un effort d'investissement prolongé. [eng] From 1982 to mid-1985, the United-Kingdom experienced one of the most rapid growth among western countries. Privileged relationships with the US, important energetic resources and a booming service sector account for such a result. Tax revenues from the oil sector eased the budgetary policy and enabled the public deficit to be cut. The rise in purchasing power fostered domestic demand while corporate profits were increased mainly through productivity gains. . Howerer the manufacturing sector did not much benefit from the recovery. Production capacity has kept shrinking for years. Industry suffered from a weak profitability, the causes of which are mainly the overvaluation of the Sterling, wages rigidity and chronic under-invest- ment. The part of industry in the economy as a whole is at present much lower in Britain than in other European countries. Therefore the revival could not be sustained for long. Foreign competitors increased their market share in the UK and from mid-1985 to the last summer growth faltered. . The fall in oil prices had major consequences on the economy. As structural weaknesses surfaced, the trust in the Sterling already shake- ned by high wage rises tends to be all the more undermied. It also threatens the effort to tighten the budget and leads to hasten privatisation. Besides, the boost it gave to household consumption widens the trade and current account deficits. So far inflation has been much less curbed than on the continent. . Nevertheless a new opportunity for the industry seems to have recently arisen. The decline in the currency favours competitiveness. Labour management is greatly improving. Profitability in industry turns out to be almost on a par with other sectors '. Moreover foreign and domestic demand are both expected to remain sustained. But grasping such an opportunity will require a long lasting willingness to invest.

Suggested Citation

  • Véronique Riches, 1987. "Royaume-Uni : des difficultés structurelles," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 18(1), pages 81-121.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_18_1_1085
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1987.1085
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1987.1085
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