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Après deux chocs pétroliers : diagnostics et perspectives

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  • Philippe Sigogne
  • Monique Fouet

Abstract

[eng] Western economies have been undergoing a recession over the past two years. Though in a more favourable cyclical phase when hit by a second oil shock, less severe than the first, they had been structurally weakened. Moreover, international competition was more fierce while there was less scope for adaptation in policy. The recession now seems to be bottoming out. A fall in interest rates will allow activity to pick up slowly in the United States, though it might rekindle inflation. The depreciation of the Dollar against the Deutschmark which will probably ensue, would loosen restrictions on European economic policies. Any resulting upturn in activity will however be moderate, strong growth in world imports being unlikely since demand from non-industrialised countries will fall off. French performance in reaction to the external shocks of the seventies compares poorly with that of partner countries. The squeeze on profits which had followed the first oil crisis was reinforced by the second. Up to spring 1981, tight fiscal policy accentuated the sluggishness of activity. Compared with other countries, a less restrictive monetary stance enabled firms to use a greater degree of external funding. The new policy, implemented from mid-1981 onwards, has slightly increased personal incomes and thereby consumer spending. However, despite improvements in activity and profitability, firms have reduced their investment levels. In the absence of better growth prospects, these are unlikely to rise in the coming months, particularly if external circumstances necessitate continued high interest rates while inflation remains higher than in other industrialised countries. [fre] La phase de récession qui a suivi en Occident le second choc pétrolier aura duré plus de deux ans. Certes moins brutal que le premier, ce choc est advenu dans une situation conjoncturelle moins critique. Mais il a frappé des économies structurellement affaiblies et s'est trouvé amplifié par une concurrence internationale exacerbée, alors que la marge de manœuvre des politiques économiques s'était rétrécie. Cette phase paraît toucher à sa fin. Une baisse des taux d'intérêt aux Etats-Unis y permettra en effet une lente reprise de l'activité, mais risque de relancer l'inflation. La dépréciation probable du dollar vis-à-vis du deutschmark qui s'ensuivra desserrerait les contraintes pesant en Europe sur les politiques économiques. Elle permettrait à une reprise modérée de s'amorcer, bien qu'on ne puisse guère compter sur une forte croissance des importations mondiales, car la demande des pays non industrialisés fléchira. L'économie française a moins bien réagi que ses partenaires aux prélèvements externes. La baisse relative des profits intervenue à la suite du premier choc pétrolier s'est encore accentuée après le second. Jusqu'au printemps de 1981, les restrictions budgétaires ont accentué le freinage de l'activité, tandis qu'une contrainte monétaire moindre qu'à l'étranger permettait aux entreprises de recourir davantage à des financements externes. La nouvelle politique suivie depuis le milieu de 1981 a légèrement accru les ressources des particuliers et ainsi, les dépenses de consommation. Mais malgré l'amélioration de l'activité et des résultats d'exploitation, les entreprises ont réduit leurs investissements. En l'absence de perspectives de croissance mieux assurées, il est à craindre qu'elles en réalisent peu dans les mois à venir si les circonstances extérieures obligent à maintenir des taux d'intérêt élevés, alors que les différentiels de prix avec l'étranger s'aggraveraient.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Sigogne & Monique Fouet, 1982. "Après deux chocs pétroliers : diagnostics et perspectives," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 1(1), pages 9-49.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1982_num_1_1_915
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1982.915
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1982.915
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