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Les fondations comportementales de l’analyse économique autrichienne

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  • Randall G. Holcombe

Abstract

[fre] L’économie expérimentale et comportementale présente de nouveaux défis pour l’analyse néo-classique du comportement individuel basée sur le fait que les individus prennent des décisions au sein d’un ensemble de fonctions d’utilité aux caractéristiques bien définies. Les résultats provenant des analyses comportementales et expérimentales ont montré qu’il est fréquent que le comportement individuel dévie systématiquement des axiomes néoclassiques de la maximisation de l’utilité. L’analyse autrichienne est, elle aussi, fondée sur des axiomes de maximisation d’utilité, bien que les hypothèses sur lesquelles reposent le comportement de maximisation d’utilité soient très affaiblies dans la théorie autrichienne. Par conséquent, les fondations comportementales de cette théorie sont plus solides et sont moins sujettes aux challenges créés par les résultats empiriques des études comportementales et expérimentales. Les conclusions de politique économique déduites par la théorie néo-classique sont souvent trop exigeantes car elles reposent sur des fondements comportementaux remis en question par les analyses comportementales et expérimentales et sont fréquemment trompeuses puisque la théorie néo-classique du bien-être est menée en termes de statique comparative. Pour des questions de politique économique, l’approche autrichienne offre des propositions plus pertinentes, du fait de ses fondations comportementales plus réalistes. [eng] The Behavioral Foundations of Austrian Economics. . Behavioral and experimental economics present challenges to the neoclassical theory of individual behavior, which is based on individuals making choices within the framework of utility functions that are assumed to have certain well-defined characteristics. Results in behavioral and experimental economics have shown that it is common for individual behavior to systematically deviate from the neoclassical axioms of utility maximization. Austrian economics is also based on axiomatic theories of utility maximization, but the assumptions underlying utilitymaximizing behavior are much weaker in the Austrian approach. As a result, they have more solid behavioral foundations, and are less subject to challenge by the empirical findings of behavioral and experimental economics. Neoclassical policy conclusions are often overly-strong because of its behavioral foundations which are challenged by behavioral and experimental economics, and are often misleading because of the comparative static nature of neoclassical welfare economics. For purposes of policy analysis, the Austrian approach provides better insights because of its more realistic behavioral foundations.

Suggested Citation

  • Randall G. Holcombe, 2008. "Les fondations comportementales de l’analyse économique autrichienne," Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(4), pages 19-43.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rfreco:rfeco_0769-0479_2008_num_22_4_1714
    DOI: 10.3406/rfeco.2008.1714
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rfeco.2008.1714
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