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Discrimination positive: un bilan des expériences américaines et européennes

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  • Denis Maguain

Abstract

[fre] Denis Maguain Discrimination positive : un bilan des expériences américaines et européennes. Cet article dresse un bilan des trente années de politiques de discrimination positive menées aux Etats-Unis, ainsi que des politiques s'inspirant de l'expérience américaine, mises en œuvre en France et dans certains pays européens depuis le début des années 1980. Il ressort de cette analyse les principaux points suivants. Les résultats des travaux empiriques sur l'expérience américaine suggèrent que la mise en œuvre de programmes de discrimination positive est susceptible de générer des effets légèrement positifs, même s'il peut exister certaines pertes d'efficience limitées. En Europe, où la discrimination positive a été basée quasi-exclusivement sur des critères socio-économiques, peu de travaux empiriques ont cherché à tirer un bilan de ces expériences. Le bilan des expériences de discrimination positive menées en France depuis le début des années 1980, dans le domaine de l'éducation, de l'emploi ou encore de l'égalité politique, est contrasté. La création des ZEP en 1981 ne semble avoir eu que peu d'impact, sans doute en raison de la faiblesse des moyens qui leur ont été consacrés ainsi que du peu de cohérence de leur répartition. Le bilan des Zones franches urbaines mises en place en 1997 est quant à lui plus satisfaisant en termes de créations d'emploi mais dans un contexte éco- nomique favorable et avec un coût pour les finances publiques qui est relativement important. Il ressort cependant de l'analyse un déficit important de travaux d'évaluation en Europe et en France. En particulier, dans la perspective de travaux futurs, il convient d'insister sur la nécessité de disposer de données individuelles afin de développer de façon rigoureuse l'évaluation des politiques de discrimination positive à l'image, s'inspirant de ce qui se fait aux Etats-Unis depuis plus de deux décennies. [eng] Affirmative Action : An Assessment of US and European Experiments. This paper draws up a thirty years assessment of policies of affirmative action followed to the United States, as well as policies, taking as a starting point the American experiment, implemented in France and in certain European countries since the beginning of the 80's. It comes out from this analysis the main following points. The results of empirical work on the American experiment suggest that the implementation of such programs is likely to generate slightly positive effects even if it can exist limited losses of efficiency. In Europe, where affirmative action was based quasi exclusively on socio-economic criteria, few empirical works sought to draw an assessment from these experiments. The assessment of affirmative action experiments undertaken in France since the beginning of the years 1980, in the field of education, employment or of the political equality, is contrasted. The zoning in education created in 1981 (ZEP) seems to have had only little impact, undoubtedly because of the weakness of the means which were devoted to them as well as little of consistency of their distribution. The assessment of zoning concerning depressed urban area (ZFU created in 1997) seems to be more satisfactory in terms job creations but in a favourable economic background and with a relatively high cost for public funds. As a whole, it however arises from the analysis an important deficit of evaluation works in Europe and France. In particular, in a future work perspective, it is advisable to insist on the need for having micro data in order to develop in a rigorous way the evaluation of affirmative action policies, by drawing one's inspiration from what is done now in the United States for more than two decades.

Suggested Citation

  • Denis Maguain, 2006. "Discrimination positive: un bilan des expériences américaines et européennes," Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 21(2), pages 147-193.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rfreco:rfeco_0769-0479_2006_num_21_2_1598
    DOI: 10.3406/rfeco.2006.1598
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rfeco.2006.1598
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    1. Louafi Bouzouina & Nathalie Havet & Pascal Pochet, 2015. "Mobilité quotidienne des actifs résidant en zones urbaines sensibles et accès à l'emploi : Une analyse économétrique à partir de l'Enquête Ménages Déplacements de Lyon," Working Papers halshs-01143900, HAL.

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