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La répercussion des chocs d'intérêt sur l'économie française

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  • Patrice Vial

Abstract

[fre] La transmission internationale des mouvements de taux d'intérêt conduit naturellement à s'interroger sur l'incidence que ces oscillations peuvent créer sur l'économie française. Cette question revêt un intérêt direct de politique économique, puisque en ce début de 1989, plusieurs pays — dont le Royaume-Uni — voient dans les taux l'instrument essentiel de régulation de la demande intérieure. Partant d'une analyse de la structure de bilan du système bancaire, cet article montre d'abord que l'économie française reste majoritairement « intermédiée », avec pour conséquence que les mouvements de taux qui affectent le passif des institutions financières ne se répercutent que de façon amortie sur les conditions de crédits à la clientèle. En outre, à la notable exception de l'investissement en logement, il apparaît que les principales composantes de la demande, et notamment la consommation des ménages, restent assez peu sensibles aux oscillations de taux — tout au moins en courte période. L'amélioration de la situation des entreprises, qui permet de forts taux d'autofinancement, est à mettre au nombre des facteurs jouant en ce sens. La conclusion est que, pour l'instant, l'économie française réagit probablement moins que d'autres aux oscillations de taux d'intérêt. Il ne faudrait pas en déduire toutefois qu'elle n'est pas sensible au niveau même des taux, ou que les anticipations n'y sont pas affectées par le climat général des marchés financiers. Toutes les innovations intervenues au cours des dernières années en matière de déréglementation financière vont d'ailleurs plutôt dans le sens d'un lent renforcement de l'impact des taux d'intérêt. [eng] The growing interdependence of world financial markets raises the question of the impact of interest rates fluctuations on the French economy, especially since some coun- tries — e.g. the U.K. — presently choose to rely heavily on interest rates as the main instrumental variable to monitor domestic demand. A balance sheet analysis of the French banking system shows that financial intermediation is still a very strong phenomenon ; the main result being that the actual impact of a market-interest rate change on the on- lending conditions to final debtors is much dampened. Furthermore, the available evidence shows little sensitivity of the various components of domestic demand to interest rates short term movements, with the notable exception of investment in housing. The fast improvement in operating margins of the productive sector, which calls for less reliance on debt financing, is one of the explanatory factors. Thus, as of now, the French economy is probably less reactive to interest rate fluctuations than many others. This by no means implies that the level of interest rates is irrelevant, or that anticipations are not affected by the financial market climate. Moreover, all structural innovations that have taken place recently in the financial sector tend to gradually increase the overall sensivity to interest rates.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrice Vial, 1989. "La répercussion des chocs d'intérêt sur l'économie française," Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 4(2), pages 65-88.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rfreco:rfeco_0769-0479_1989_num_4_2_1350
    DOI: 10.3406/rfeco.1989.1350
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rfeco.1989.1350
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