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Continuités, traumatismes, mutations

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  • Jean-Charles Asselain

Abstract

[fre] Continuités, traumatismes, mutations . . Loin de marquer à tous égards une rupture dans l'histoire économique de la France, la Révolution de 1789 a eu pour effet essentiel de consolider les structures agraires de la France du XVIIIe siècle. La modernisation financière, les orientations du développement industriel révèlent aussi de très fortes continuités avec les dernières années de l'Ancien Régime. A court terme, pourtant, le fonctionnement de l'économie française a été bouleversé par les événements politiques, les guerres, le blocus, l'effondrement des échanges extérieurs, avec des répercussions durables sur tout le secteur atlantique. Les traumatismes de la décennie révolutionnaire se traduisent par un mouvement temporaire de désurbanisation et de repli du monde rural sur lui-même ; la reprise industrielle sous l'Empire n'efface pas l'avance britannique qui s'est creusée de manière décisive dans les secteurs clés de la révolution industrielle. En 1815, le potentiel de l'économie française est intact, mais son modèle de croissance reste durablement affecté par les événements de 1789-1815. La France semble vouée pour un demi-siècle à une croissance tournée vers le marché intérieur, fortement protégée, dont les principaux axes sont différents, mais proches du modèle britannique ; la baisse de régime démographique, le poids du monde paysan et son isolement relatif font obstacle au « rattrapage » du pays leader par le pays suiveur. Le développement des approches quantitatives et leur intégration aux problématiques des historiens sont nécessaires pour mieux cerner la signification des changements de rythme qui ont marqué cette période, mais les comparaisons internationales ne laissent aucun doute sur l'ampleur des inégalités qui se sont creusées entre 1789 et 1815. [eng] The french economy in the revolutionary storm: continuity and change. . The French Revolution should not be viewed as a general breaking in French economic history. It had mostly conservative effects for the agricultural sector, and tended to solidify the agrarian structures. More surprising evidence of continuity can be found even in the sphere of public finance or industriel development. Short run effects, however, were dramatic ; the French economy was upset by the impact of political turmoil, wars and blocus ; colonial and foreign trade slumper ; the « Atlantic sector » of the French economy collapsed and never fully recovered. The movement of urban growth was checked and even reversed for several years ; the interrelations between the rural and the urban sectors dwindled. The industrial recovery during the Napoleonian period was uneven, and the gap with the leading industrial sectors of the British economy remained, but the characteristics of the French development model were deeply mobified : it had to rely mostly on the home market, with a high degree of protection ; the French development model was both different from and perhaps too closely akin to the British model ; the slow growth of the French population, the heavy weight of the peasant sector and its weak connection with urban economy did not permit any « catching up » for more than a century. The Revolutionary and Napoleonian years stand out clearly in quantitative comparisons as a period of growing international (as well as interre­gional) inequalities which gave the way to a long era of British supremacy.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Charles Asselain, 1989. "Continuités, traumatismes, mutations," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 40(6), pages 1137-1188.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1989_num_40_6_409189
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