Les activités urbaines en France pendant la Révolution

[eng] The economic activities of french cities during the revolution. . The cities, and especially the seaports, were the sector the most active and dynamic of the french economie during the reign of Louis XVI. The cities of the inside of the country stimulated often real industrial districts. Besides, the industries of luxury had a very important part into the economy.. Ail these activities were entirely dislocated by the revolutionary events when from 1792 had occured the outside war, the inside war and the « Terror ». Surely, the dislocation was not complete and activities of substitution had appeared, particularly those linked with the military necessities. With obstinacy, and sometimes success, merchants tried to stand opposite to decline and to size ail the possibilities of recovery.. To describe a general view is difficult : we have not enough studies of detail nor general documentation. The general balance appears nevertheless very negative ; this evidence is very clearly manifested by the backwards of tirban demographies, altough they were not immediate. The french desurbanization, especially for the big cities, is one evidence proof and the pursuit of the wars under the First Empire don't give the possibility of the recovery. [fre] Revue économique. THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF FRENCH CITIES DURING THE REVOLUTION. jean-pierre Poussou. The cities, and especially thé seaports, were thé sector thé most active and dynamic of thé french économie during thé reign of Louis XVI. The cities of thé inside of thé country stimulated often real industrial districts. Besides, thé industries of luxury had a very important part into thé economy.. Ail thèse activities were entirely dislocated by thé revolutionary events when from 1792 had occured thé outside war, thé inside war and thé « Terror ». Surely, thé dislocation was not complète and activities of substitution had appeared, parti-cularly those linked with thé military necessities. With obstinacy, and sometimes success, merchants tried to stand opposite to décline and to size ail thé possibilities of recovery.. To describe a général view is difficult : we hâve not enough studies of détail nor général documentation. The général balance appears nevertheless very négative ; this évidence is very clearly manifested by thé backwards of tirban demographies, altough they were not immédiate. The french desurbanization, especially for thé big cities, is one évidence proof and thé pursuit of thé wars under thé First Empire don't give thé possibility of thé recovery.. GROWTH AND DECLINE OF FRENCH COLONIAL TRADE (1793-1830) paul butel. A général rise in thé value of thé colonies, both as exporters and importers in thé eighteenth century, in relation to thé progress of thé French sugar islands, of Saint-Domingue especially, was thé most amazing phenomenon in trade deve-lopment. The impact of thé French Wars in thé 1790's and 1800's was significant : thé outbreak of révolution and war in thé French West Indies gave new opportunities to London and New-York which became thé most dynamic ports because they took advantage of thé growth of new colonial areas, as Spanish islands, Cuba. The dismantling of French trade altered thé rules of compétition in caribbean area. Howewer, under thé cover of a neutral flag, part of thé French trade to thé West Indies was not negligible.. In 1815, thé French West Indies were recovered in Martinique and Guadeloupe but with thé black victory Saint-Domingue bas been lost. French colonial trade bas been superseded by thé american and british trade. Ports like Le Havre were chief suppliers of thé industrial areas while old entrepôt ports liké Bordeaux declined. But new markets were opened in Spanish area and that trade gave new returns to Bordeaux or Nantes.