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Les industries agricoles et alimentaires : croissance et crise

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  • Michel Delattre

Abstract

[fre] Grâce à la série des comptes 1959-1979, il est possible de replacer l'évolution des industries alimentaires face à la crise dans une perspective plus longue. La première caractéristique de ce secteur est le poids de la demande des ménages dans ses débouchés. Cette consommation connaît traditionnellement une progression lente mais régulière. Avec la crise, et le freinage du pouvoir d'achat des ménages, la consommation alimentaire a dû elle aussi marquer le pas, même si cela s'est fait avec un certain retard. Ce freinage de la demande a évidemment pesé sur la croissance de la production. Cependant la crise s'est traduite ici de manière tout-à-fait spécifique : on a seulement observé un ralentissement de la croissance pendant les années 1975-1977, et une reprise assez nette depuis. En effet, la production des industries alimentaires est aussi dépendante de l'offre en produits agricoles ; celle-ci a été très médiocre en 1976-1977 et au contraire très dynamique depuis. L'ajustement entre la demande et une offre en partie autonome se fait soit par les stocks, soit par les échanges extérieurs. Ceux-ci n'avaient cessé de s'améliorer entre 1965 et 1974, puis ils se sont nettement dégradés jusqu'en 1978 et à nouveau redressés en 1979. Face au ralentissement de la croissance, les entreprises de l'alimentaire ont ajusté leur niveau d'activité beaucoup plus par la réduction de la durée du travail que par la diminution des effectifs. Leur effort d'investissement qui s'était relâché dès 1970, n'a cessé de se réduire, notamment à cause des problèmes de rentabilité qu'elles connaissent depuis 1 967 et qui n'ont fait que s'aggraver dans la crise. [eng] Based on a series of reports stretching from 1959 to 1979, it is possible to revise the evolution of food industry during the crisis in a more long-term perspective. The first specific feature of the sector is the proportion of households consumption in the demand for its product. . In the sixties, the progression of this demand was moderate but regular. With the crisis and the reduction of households purchasing power, food spending was finally reduced, even if it appeared in this area later than in other sectors. That declining domestic demand clearly played a key role in slowing down production growth. However, the crisis has taken on a specific pattern in this sector : it only shows a reduced production growth for the years 1975-1977, and a recovery since 1978. For the second characteristic of food industry is its dependence to agricultural produce offer. That offer was rather bad in 1976-1977, but its progression is very important since 1978. Adjustment between offer and demand shows the role of the stocks and of the foreign trade. The commercial balance had regularly increased from 1965 to 1974. After a spectacular reduction until 1978, it recovered in 1979 its 1974 level. Facing with growth reduction, food firms have adjusted their activity reducing much more the working time than the number of workers. Their investment rate began to decrease very early in 1970, in relation to profit trouble appeared as far back as 1967.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Delattre, 1980. "Les industries agricoles et alimentaires : croissance et crise," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 139(1), pages 42-49.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1980_num_139_1_2734
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1980.2734
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1980.2734
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