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Parité euro/dollar et ajustements macro-économiques : que révèle une analyse en termes de change d’équilibre ?

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  • Didier Borowski
  • Cécile Couharde

Abstract

[eng] Euro/ Dollar Parity and Macro-Economic Adjustments : What Does an Equilibrium Exchange Rate Analysis Show ?. This article aims to discern the macro-economic adjustments underlying identifiable exchange-rate misalignments by estimating the nominal equilibrium parity of the dollar vis-à-vis the euro and to highlight the ambiguity surrounding the determinants of the policy mix to be implemented in Europe and the United States. Our chosen theoretical approach is that developed by J. Williamson, who equates equilibrium exchange rates with the real effective exchange rate that enables economies to reach their medium-run internal and external equilibrium simultaneously. The equilibrium bilateral parities of the European currencies vis-à-vis the dollar are calculated by inverting a world trade model derived from a multinational model (NIGEM). A proxy for the euro/dollar exchange rate is then constructed by aggregating six of the European currencies that will join the euro, using their weights in the Ecu basket. Our results show that the dollar is overvalued by 10% in relation to the euro in mid-May 1998. The size of the American current account deficit and the Euro Area’s surplus explain the gap. If the dollar were to remain at today’s level of 5.50 French francs, and the intra-Euro Area parities at their 12 October central rates, then the dollar would be close to its equilibrium parity. This result corresponds to an American target of a 1-GDP-point current account deficit, which is deemed to be the maximum sustainable current account deficit. Assuming that savings will become a key (exogenous) determinant for current account balances, and that savings will come to outweigh more traditional explanatory variables such as cyclical lags and competitiveness differentials, while remaining independent of them, we must then examine the nature of the private savings deficit in the United States. If it is a structural deficit, then the exchange rate is the appropriate adjustment variable for reducing the American current account deficit, even though it would harm European exporters’ price competitiveness. If, on the other hand, the deficit is more cyclical in nature, the problem facing the United States is how well policy mix can regulate the American savings rate, independently of its effects on the real exchange rate. In view of that American authorities’ inability or unwillingness to adopt an appropriate policy mix, and in so far as international co-ordination of economic policies remains highly unlikely, it is up to Euro Area monetary authorities to factor exchange rates into their objectives, at least informally. Under the prevailing conditions, the Euro Area monetary authorities should choose today to undertake a more marked easing of monetary conditions than that just announced by the Fed. harm European exporters’ price competitiveness. If, on the other hand, the deficit is more cyclical in nature, the problem facing the United States is how well policy mix can regulate the American savings rate, independently of its effects on the real exchange rate. In view of that American authorities’ inability or unwillingness to adopt an appropriate policy mix, and in so far as international co-ordination of economic policies remains highly unlikely, it is up to Euro Area monetary authorities to factor exchange rates into their objectives, at least informally. Under the prevailing conditions, the Euro Area monetary authorities should choose today to undertake a more marked easing of monetary conditions than that just announced by the Fed. [fre] L’objectif de cet article est, via l’estimation de la parité nominale d’équilibre du dollar vis-à-vis de l’euro, d’appréhender les ajustements macroéconomiques sous-jacents aux mésalignements de change identifiés et de souligner les ambiguïtés quant aux déterminants du policy-mix à mettre en oeuvre de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique. L’approche théorique retenue ici est celle développée par J. Williamson, pour qui le taux de change d’équilibre correspond au taux de change effectif réel permettant aux économies d’atteindre simultanément leurs équilibres interne et externe à moyen terme. Les parités bilatérales d’équilibre des monnaies européennes vis-à-vis du dollar sont calculées en inversant une maquette de commerce mondial dérivée d’un modèle multinational (Nigem). Une proxy du taux de change de l’euro vis-à-vis du dollar est alors construite en agrégeant six des monnaies européennes qui intégreront l’euro selon leurs poids dans l’écu. Nos résultats conduisent à identifier, à la mi-98, une surévaluation du dollar vis-à-vis de l’euro de 10% qui s’explique tant par l’importance du déficit courant américain que de l’excédent de la zone euro. Si le dollar persistait durablement au niveau atteint aujourd’hui (1$ = 5,50 FF avec des parités intra-zone euro à leur cours-pivot, le 12 octobre), il serait ainsi proche de sa parité d’équilibre. Ce résultat correspond à une cible de compte courant américaine de -1 point de Pib, soit le niveau de déficit maximal jugé compatible avec la soutenabilité du compte courant. Dans l’hypothèse où l’épargne serait devenue un déterminant clé (exogène) de l’évolution des soldes courants (devant les variables explicatives plus traditionnelles que sont les écarts de conjoncture et la compétitivité, et ce indépendamment d’elles), il serait nécessaire de s’interroger sur la nature du déficit d’épargne privée aux États-Unis. Si ce déficit est structurel, le taux de change constitue la variable d’ajustement appropriée pour résorber le déficit courant américain, malgré les pertes de compétitivité-prix induites pour les exportateurs européens. Si, en revanche, ce déficit est de nature plus conjoncturelle, le problème qui se pose, aux États-Unis, est celui de la plus ou moins grande capacité du policy-mix à réguler le taux d’épargne américain, indépendamment de ses effets sur le change réel. Face à l’impossibilité ou à l’absence de volonté des autorités américaines d’adopter le policy-mix approprié et dans la mesure où une coordination internationale des politiques économiques demeure fort peu probable, il appartient aux autorités monétaires de la zone euro d’intégrer, en permanence, le taux de change dans leurs objectifs (au moins officieusement). Dans la situation qui prévaut, ces dernières devraient ainsi opter, dès aujourd’hui, pour un assouplissement monétaire plus marqué que celui auquel vient de consentir la Fed.

Suggested Citation

  • Didier Borowski & Cécile Couharde, 1998. "Parité euro/dollar et ajustements macro-économiques : que révèle une analyse en termes de change d’équilibre ?," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 49(5), pages 155-169.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recofi:ecofi_0987-3368_1998_num_49_5_3730
    DOI: 10.3406/ecofi.1998.3730
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecofi.1998.3730
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