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Fonds propres, rentabilité et efficacité chez les PMI. Méthodes d'analyse et appréciation des situations financières

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  • Bernard Paranque

Abstract

[fre] Le présent article a pour objet de montrer que les conditions du débat sur le niveau des fonds propres des PMI méritent d'être précisées.. Pour consolider ou accroître son autonomie financière une entreprise peut faire appel à ses actionnaires et/ou dégager un résultat qui sera capitalisé. Ceci implique, pour être réalisable, que la firme ait accès facilement au marché financier (ou que ses principaux actionnaires puissent lever aisément des fonds) et/ou que ses performances économiques et financières soient suffisamment élevées. Toutefois, l'intensité de l'autonomie financière d'une entreprise, mesurée par l'importance de ses fonds propres, n'est pas pour autant synonyme de performances économiques supérieures et, par voie de conséquence, n'est pas totalement pertinente pour évaluer la santé de la firme.. Dès lors, si l'appréciation bilantielle de la situation financière des PMI peut inciter à croire à une insuffisante capitalisation de leur part, l'analyse de leur comportement économique et financier indique, quant à elle, des rentabilités économiques et financières comparables, voire supérieures à celles des grandes entreprises. Autrement dit, le gain potentiel escompté d'une participation au capital d'une PMI paraît aussi élevé que celui obtenu dans une entreprise de taille plus importante. Toutefois, la réalisation de ce gain et l'importance de la capitalisation vont dépendre d'une part de l'importance des investissements engagés qui déterminent celle des amortissements à effectuer et d'autre part de la politique de distribution de dividendes suivie.. L'insuffisante capitalisation souvent évoquée à propos des PMI ne serait alors qu'apparente et pourrait provenir d'un effort d'investissement relatif plus fort que celui de leurs concurrentes de plus grande taille. Celui-ci se traduit par des charges de maintien du potentiel productif plus élevées (dotations aux amortissements) grevant leur résultat.. Il ne faut pas alors confondre les besoins de financement des PMI avec les difficultés qu'elles peuvent rencontrer dans l'accès aux ressources et dans les négociations du coût de celles-ci. [eng] The purpose of this article is to show that the terms of the discussion on equity levels for small and medium-size companies must be clarified.. Companies have several means of consolidating or increasing their financial autonomy. They may call on contributions from shareholders or capitalise their profits. To do so, the company must either have easy access to the financial market or major shareholders who can raise funds and/or good economic and financial results. However, financial autonomy in terms of equity is not necessarily matched by high economic performances. This is why it is not always a true measure of a company's financial health.. Consequently, although the balance sheets of small companies may indicate a lack of capitalization, an analysis of their economic and financial performances shows that their economic and financial profitability is as good as that of large corporations, if not better. In other words, the potential gain generated by an investment in a small or medium-sized company would seem to equal that achieved in much larger companies. However, the realized gain and the resulting capitalization depend both on the size of the investment made, as this in turn determines the corresponding amortization, and the dividend policy.. This would mean that the frequently discussed inadequate capitalization of small and medium-sized companies is only apparent. The capital expenditure ratio of small companies may be higher than that of their larger competitors. This translates into higher production maintenance costs (amortization and depreciation), which affect income.. A distinction must therefore be made between the financing requirements of small and medium-sized companies, and the difficultes they may have in raising funds or negotiating the corresponding terms.

Suggested Citation

  • Bernard Paranque, 1994. "Fonds propres, rentabilité et efficacité chez les PMI. Méthodes d'analyse et appréciation des situations financières," Revue d'Économie Industrielle, Programme National Persée, vol. 67(1), pages 175-190.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recind:rei_0154-3229_1994_num_67_1_1516
    DOI: 10.3406/rei.1994.1516
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rei.1994.1516
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