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Directeurs, comédiens et police : relations de travail dans les spectacles populairesà Paris au XVIIIe siècle

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  • Laurent Turcot

Abstract

[fre] C'est au milieu du XVilf siècle que l'on assiste à la formation d'entreprises théâtrales sur le boulevard du Temple. En marge des monopoles octroyés aux théâtres royaux, ces spectacles, issus des foires parisiennes, jouissent d'une certaine tolérance de la Couronne. Tournées vers le profit, ces entreprises ont pour fonction de divertir un public sans cesse plus important au cours du siècle. En procédant à une analyse des relations entre le directeur et ses acteurs, nous avons pu mettre au jour une nouvelle forme de liens sociaux basés sur un rapport qui se définit non pas comme maître-domestique, comme dans le cas des corporations, mais plutôt comme entrepreneur-employé. À l'aide de structures disciplinaires visant à assurer le respect de sa personne face à ses acteurs, le directeur confirme que l'entreprise théâtrale est avant tout un établissement visant à faire de l'argent. Les rapports qu'il entretient avec ses contractants, mis en lumière grâce à trois types de délinquance (l'alcoolisation, le manquement au service et l'insubordination), démontrent que si le directeur envoie ses acteurs en prison, c'est avant tout pour maintenir un régime disciplinaire strict, mais surtout afin de construire des bases solides d'un divertissement populaire où le profit est l'unique source de réussite. [eng] It is in the middle of the eighteenth century that we witness the development of theatrical enterprises on the boulevard du Temple. Existing in the margins of the monopolies bestowed upon the royal theatres, these productions, born of the Parisian fair, benefited nonetheless from a certain tolerance by the Crown. Profit-oriented, the role of these companies was to divert the ever-increasing number of spectators. The analysis of the relationship between the manager and his players reveals a new form of social bond based not on that of master and servant, as is the case with the guilds, but defined rather as a contract between two parties. The director's use of certain disciplinary measures designed to secure the respect of his actors confirms that the theatrical company is above all oriented towards making money. His relationship with his employees, brought to light by three types of delinquency punishable under these measures (drunkenness, absenteeism and insubordination), demonstrates that though the director may send his actors to prison, it is above all to maintain the strict discipline that was crucial to establishing the foundations of this form of popular entertainment, where profit was the unique gauge of success.

Suggested Citation

  • Laurent Turcot, 2004. "Directeurs, comédiens et police : relations de travail dans les spectacles populairesà Paris au XVIIIe siècle," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 23(1), pages 97-119.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2004_num_23_1_2450
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2004.2450
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2004.2450
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