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Une alternative à la planification : la libéralisation des échanges extérieurs de Franklin Roosevelt à Eisenhower

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  • Laurent Cesari

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Entamée sous F. Roosevelt, la conversion des États-Unis à la libéralisation des échanges extérieurs se confirme sous Truman et Eisenhower, à une époque où l'économie américaine n'a pas de rival dans le reste du monde. L'article montre que cette ouverture visait à accroître les exportations américaines, et la replace dans le contexte politique d'ensemble: dès 1934, Roosevelt a vu dans l'augmentation des exportations un moyen alternatif de retrouver le plein emploi, en lieu et place d'une planification économique qui aurait risqué de le couper des milieux d'affaires. L'existence au Congrès, à partir de 1936, d'une coalition de fait entre Républicains et Démocrates conservateurs, a renforcé cette orientation. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Roosevelt a poursuivi son programme libre-échangiste avec acharnement. Truman et Eisenhower lui ont apporté des tempéraments de 1945 à 1960, à cause du manque de dollars de l'Europe occidentale, de la nécessité de consentir des concessions à leurs alliés dans la guerre froide, et de la persistance au Congrès d'une minorité protectionniste disposant d'une capacité de blocage. Mais ces adoucissements, subis plus que voulus, étaient conçus comme de simples adaptations temporaires. [eng] Abstract The United States turned toward trade liberalisation under F. Roosevelt, and confirmed its conversion under Truman and Eisenhower, at a time when it had no economic rival. The paper shows that American policymakers conceived trade liberalisation as a means to bolster exports, and puts this economic policy in its political context. As early as 1934, Roosevelt saw increasing exports as a means to recover full employment, which would be less likely than planning to cause frictions with economic circles. This basic choice was reinforced in 1936, when conservative Democrats concluded a de facto alliance with Republicans in Congress. Roosevelt aggressively carried out his free trade program during World War II. The shortage of dollars in Western Europe, the necessity of granting concessions to allies during the cold war, and the enduring existence of a strong protectionist minority in Congress forced Truman and Eisenhower to water down the Roosevelt program from 1945 to 1960. But American policymakers were bent on going back as soon as possible on these temporary concessions.

Suggested Citation

  • Laurent Cesari, 2003. "Une alternative à la planification : la libéralisation des échanges extérieurs de Franklin Roosevelt à Eisenhower," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 23-40.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2003_num_22_1_2282
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2003.2282
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2003.2282
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