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Gestions de salariés : métiers et flexibilités (Lyon, XIXe-XXe siècles)

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  • Sylvie Schweitzer

Abstract

[eng] Abstract In social history, the history of works is developping and is refining the social categories. The history of works, but also the history of male and female workers, even if, regarding women, the questions are not taken for granted. It also concerns the history of the workplace, that is to say a firm in the large meaning of the word, composed of both public and private units such as factories, trade, offices, shops and workshops. Using research on Lyons which consist in the study of files on the company staff, we aim to show some of the nowdays debates on employment must be thought in a long term period and form part of slow mutation in terms of status of women and men employees. As soon as the 19th century, and parallel to the progress of employment law which set maximum hours threshold and made day off compulsory, the both state and private entrepreneurs employ substitue workers who benefit neither the garantee of a steady job nor most of the social system benefits. In all sectors, in front of steady and normal jobs, there are numerous flexible jobs that are probably the condition for the former one to last: unofficial teachers who are growing the teachers 'rank coming from the Ecole Normale, employees corking two days a week that allow full-time employee to take day off, immigrants workers first laid off in case of economic crisis, labourer helping the highly qualified workers. These ways of employment are very old but scarcely studied. However, they gave rise to the contemporary laws which, for exemple, legitimate the fixed-term contract. [fre] Résumé En histoire sociale, l'histoire des métiers s'élabore de plus en plus fermement, affinant les catégories sociales. L'histoire des métiers, mais aussi des hommes et des femmes qui les exercent, même si, pour ces dernières, les interrogations ne vont pas toujours d'elles-mêmes, et des lieux d'exercice, c'est-à-dire une entreprise prise dans un sens sémantique large, avec des unités qui ont nom usine, commerce, bureau, boutique, atelier, tant privées que d'État. En s'appuyant sur des recherches lyonnaises menées à partir des dossiers du personnel des entreprises, on voudrait ici montrer qu'une partie des débats sur l'emploi, qui agitent notre société contemporaine, sont inscrits dans le temps long, dans de lentes mutations des statuts des salarié-e-s. Dès le XIXe siècle, et parallèlement à l'avancée du droit du travail qui fixe les heures maximales d'emploi, puis oblige à des jours de congés, l'État comme les entrepreneurs privés emploient des auxiliaires ne bénéficiant ni de la garantie de l'emploi, ni de la plupart des avantages sociaux. Dans tous les secteurs, à des noyaux stabilisés et normalisés d'activés et d'actifs correspondent des salarié-e-s flexibles, qui permettent probablement aux premiers d'exister: instituteur-trice-s de la petite porte qui renforcent le corps des normalien- ne-s, employé-e-s à deux jours par semaine qui permettent aux employé-e-s à plein temps de prendre leurs jours de congés, immigré-e-s licencié-e-s en cas de crise, manœuvres soutenant le travail des ouvriers hautement qualifiés. Ces modes d'emploi, anciens mais rarement étudiés, débouchent sur les trains de lois contemporains qui font par exemple entrer les CDD dans le code du travail.

Suggested Citation

  • Sylvie Schweitzer, 2001. "Gestions de salariés : métiers et flexibilités (Lyon, XIXe-XXe siècles)," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 20(4), pages 455-470.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2001_num_20_4_2240
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2001.2240
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2001.2240
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