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Les transformations agraires au Pays de Galles à l'époque moderne

Author

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  • David W. Howell
  • Alexandra Dosman
  • - François-Joseph Ruggiu

Abstract

[eng] Abstract There was no «agricultural revolution» in eighteenth-century Wales and the enclosure movement was not in the main directed towards improved farming. Reasons for backward husbandry are explored, particular attention focussing on difficult physical terrain, want of good markets and neglect on the part of both landlords, many of them absentee, and their peasant- tenants to adventure capital. What patchy progress there was achieved occured on the horn farms of the big estate-owners and, more importantly, on the farms of the lesser gentry and those of a number of enterprising non-gentry freeholders, some of them clergymen, and prosperous tenant farmers. Moreover, progress, however slow, was facilitated by road improvements, canal construction and to a limited extent by parliamentary enclosure, all these innovations funded by local gentlemen. Farming progress apart, changes to the rural landscape came about through new farms being carved out of the upland waste, the gradual rationalisation of farm structures through exchange of intermixed lands and by the rape of woodlands. [fre] Résumé II n'y a pas eu de « révolution agricole » au XVIIIe siècle dans le Pays de Galles et le mouvement des enclosures n'a pas été directement mené dans le but d'améliorer l'agriculture. Les causes du retard de l'agriculture galloise sont explorées dans cet article, avec une attention particulière pour les difficultés posées par le relief, par le manque de débouchés commerciaux satisfaisants et par la mauvaise volonté à investir du capital dans l'agriculture qui caractérise à la fois les propriétaires fonciers, dont beaucoup étaient absentéistes, et leurs paysans et tenanciers. Les progrès sporadiques qui furent finalement accomplis survinrent dans les home farms des grands domaines fonciers, et de façon plus importante, dans les fermes de la petite gentry et dans celles d'un certain nombre de franc-tenanciers qui n'appartenaient pas à la gentry, mais qui étaient entreprenants, et en particulier chez les clergymen et les fermiers aisés. En outre, les progrès, bien que lents, furent facilités par les améliorations du réseau routier, la construction des canaux et, dans certaines limites, par les enclosures parlementaires ; ces innovations furent financées par les gentlemen locaux. En dehors des progrès agricoles proprement dits, les changements du paysage rural survinrent également par la création de nouvelles fermes taillées dans les friches des hautes terres, par le remembrement graduel des fermes grâce à l'échange des parcelles autrefois enchevêtrées, et par la deforestation.

Suggested Citation

  • David W. Howell & Alexandra Dosman & - François-Joseph Ruggiu, 1999. "Les transformations agraires au Pays de Galles à l'époque moderne," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 18(1), pages 187-206.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1999_num_18_1_2024
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1999.2024
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1999.2024
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