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Économie et société rurales en Aquitaine aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles

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  • Christian Desplat

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Avec ses limites incertaines, ses paysages contrastés, l'Aquitaine rurale suscite des appréciations contradictoires ; celles des voyageurs des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles sont optimistes, celles des historiens et des géographes sont réservées. Elles insistent sur le morcellement de la propriété, les méfaits du métayage, la paupérisation, la routine. Des produits prestigieux, Médoc, Cognac, prunes, confits, cachent les réalités de l'économie rurale. Vignerons, éleveurs, les Aquitains étaient tous impliqués dans une économie d'échanges et des solutions jugées archaïques (le métayage), assuraient le maintien d'une population nombreuse sans empêcher de fructueuses spéculations. Surmontées les dernières grandes crises ouvertes, les Aquitains répondent aux sollicitations du marché et à la pression démographique. À la « modernité » de la viticulture semble s'opposer «l'archaïsme» de l'élevage; mais, presque partout, l'intensification (du travail surtout), accompagne soit le changement (maïsiculture), soit l'innovation (viticulture). Quelques marqueurs, mal connus : l'évolution du réseau des foires et marchés ruraux, les mutations de l'équipement au XVIIIe siècle (ponts, moulins, forges...), laissent entrevoir mieux qu'un réajustement conjoncturel, le décollage durable de la production. [eng] Abstract With its uncertain boundaries and its contrasted landscapes, rural Aquitaine aroused contradictory responses. Those of 17th and 18th century travellers were resolutely optimistic, those of historians and geographers were more reserved. They stressed the division of property, the detrimental effects of tenant farming, and routine. A few prestigious products, Médoc wine, Cognac, plums, fatted duck and goose, concealed the realities of the rural economy. Wine-growers and livestock farmers, the inhabitants of Aquitaine were involved in an economy dominated by trade, and solutions seen as outdated (tenant farming) ensured the maintenance of a large population without preventing profitable speculation. Having overcome the last great open crises, the inhabitants of Aquitaine responded to the demands of the marked and to demographic pressure. The «modernity» of wine- growing seemed to contrast with the «outdated» character of livestock farming ; but almost everywhere intensification (especially of work practices) went hand in hand either with change (maize farming) or innovation (grape cultivation). A few little-known indicators, the development of rural markets and cattle fairs, changes in rural equipment in the 18th century (mills, bridges, forges...) suggest something more than a temporary readjustment : the lasting development of production.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Desplat, 1999. "Économie et société rurales en Aquitaine aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 18(1), pages 133-156.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1999_num_18_1_2022
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1999.2022
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1999.2022
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