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Naissance du paysage industriel

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  • François Crouzet

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Le paysage industriel est le produit de la Révolution industrielle, et il est donc apparu en Grande-Bretagne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (auparavant, il est vrai, il y avait des paysages « proto-industriels » dans des régions d'activité minière ou textile). Il existe plusieurs variantes de ce paysage, créé par des innovations dans la technologie et dans l'organisation du travail. Les filatures hydrauliques de coton s'intègrent assez bien dans le cadre « naturel ». Les grandes usines sidérurgiques bouleversent plus violemment le paysage traditionnel, de même que les mines et fonderies de métaux non-ferreux, qui étaient très polluantes. Après 1800, il y eut extension et approfondissement des paysages industriels, qui, de semi-ruraux, deviennent principalement urbains. La ville industrielle, dominée par les cheminées d'usines, naît de l'extension de la machine à vapeur. Il ý a variété des paysages, mais ils ont tous un caractère commun, qui est la fumée, c'est-à-dire la pollution. Celle-ci transforma en « pays noirs » une partie de la Grande-Bretagne; elle donna une image négative de l'industrie. L'étude s'achève vers 1830, mais c'est à la fin du XIXe siècle que la pollution atmosphérique atteignit son apogée. [eng] Abstract Industrial landscapes were a by-product of the Industrial Revolution and emerged in Britain in the late 18th century (still earlier on, mining and textile districts had displayed some forms of "proto-industrial" landscapes). Those landscapes were created by innovations in technology and in the organisation of work, and several varieties of them existed. Water-powered cotton spinning mills did integrate well into the "natural" framework. Large iron-works had a more violent impact upon traditional landscapes ; likewise mines and foundries of non-ferrous metals, which generated much pollution. After 1800, industrial landscapes extended spatially and in depth; from semi-rural, they became mostly urban. The industrial town was created by the increasing use of steam engines and was dominated by factories' chimneys. Despite some differences, industrial landscapes had a common trait : smoke, i.e. pollution, which changed some parts of Britain into « black countries ». It also gave a negative image of industry. This study breaks off с 1830, but air pollution was to reach its apex in the late 19th century.

Suggested Citation

  • François Crouzet, 1997. "Naissance du paysage industriel," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(3), pages 419-438.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1997_num_16_3_1955
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1997.1955
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1997.1955
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