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Les naufrages dans la marine marchande en Angleterre, le tournant de 1854-1873

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  • Sylvie Lacroix

Abstract

[fre] Résumé À partir de 1854, le Gouvernement britannique établit des « Annual Abstracts of returns of Wrecks and casualties », présentés chaque année au Parlement, et une série de « commissions parlementaires d'enquêtes sur les naufrages », en 1836, 1839, 1843, 1873, 1874, 1884-1885, ont été les sources de notre travail. Ces chiffres montrent une aggravation très nette de la situation jusqu'à la fin des années 60, suivie d'une stabilisation relative. De 45 à 68 % des accidents sont causés par le mauvais temps, le reste se partage entre les erreurs humaines et les défauts du bateau ou de son équipement. De 1850 à 1870 sont mises en place les premières mesures gouvernementales pour instituer un code de la mer et une formation générale des hommes de la marine marchande. Les débuts de la vapeur et des constructions métalliques s'effectuent dans les meilleures conditions, l'évolution étant étroitement surveillée dès l'origine et menée de toute façon avec beaucoup de prudence par les ingénieurs. Les problèmes principaux étaient posés par les vieux bateaux de bois tendre, les surcharges et les charges de pont, aggravés par la conjoncture économique. La campagne de S. Plimsoll sur les « bateaux cercueils », qui culmine en 1873 avec la publication de Our Seamen, An Appeal, conduit à l'adoption de la Plimsoll Line de 1875 sur les surcharges. Mais dans un contexte de laissez-faire, le Gouvernement répugne, avec une grande prudence, à un carcan législatif trop sévère, surtout pour les armements en difficulté économique, et s'il est contraint à prendre des mesures, il temporise dans leur application. [eng] Abstract For the first time after 1854, the « Annual Abstract of returns of Wrecks and casualties » presentend each year to Parliament and the « Parliamentary investigative Committees into Shipwrecks » of 1836, 1839, 1843, 1873, 1874, 1884-1885, were the basic documents used for this work. The very sharp increase until the end of the 1860's, was followed by a relative stabilization of the number of accidents. Between 45 and 68 % of the accidents at sea were caused by bad weather, the rest is shared between human error and defects of the ships or their equipment. The first governmental measures were issued from 1850 to 1870, sea traffic laws in 1854 and « services certificates » and « competence certificates » to sanction the training of future officers. Technical evolution did not pose great safety problems, being strictly controlled from the beginning, though it was carefully led by engineers. Ageing boats of « soft wood » were a major problem, with overloading and decks cargoes, problems that were increased in a tense and difficult economical context. S. Plimsoll' s campaign on « coffin ships » culminating in 1873 with the publication of Our Seamen, An Appeal, leads to the establishment of the « Plimsoll Line » of 1875. But whenever safety measures, generally agreed upon as being necessary, would surely have delivered a fatal blow to a particular commerce, or line of shipping, the Government avoided passing them, of if it did had to, then dropped them in the name of « laissez-faire » in which its political interests were heavily embodied

Suggested Citation

  • Sylvie Lacroix, 1995. "Les naufrages dans la marine marchande en Angleterre, le tournant de 1854-1873," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 14(4), pages 567-593.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1995_num_14_4_1791
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1995.1791
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1995.1791
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