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La structure foncière des exploitations agricoles. Prédominance du patrimoine au Sud, de l'entreprise au Nord

Author

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  • Alice Barthez
  • Annie Fouquet
  • Michel Villac

Abstract

[fre] La structure foncière de l'exploitation oppose la France du Nord où prédomine la location, à la France du Sud, où règne la propriété. Mais au-delà de ce constat simpliste, s'opposent deux types de structures foncières combinant héritage, succession, alliance et transactions monétaires. . Le Sud-Ouest privilégie l'identité entre patrimoine et exploitation, la transmission lignagère sur l'alliance conjugale. Héritage et achat forment l'essentiel de l'exploitation qui se transmet à un « héritier ». Dans le Nord, à l'opposé, l'essentiel de l'exploitation est louée, et la part cultivée en propriété est plus souvent achetée qu'héritée. Face à plusieurs bailleurs, le fermier est le « martre du jeu ». Dans un tel système, la succession se fait par la transmission des baux à l'un des enfants. La Bretagne est en situation intermédiaire et paradoxale : on est souvent propriétaire et pourtant, on hérite peu tandis qu'on achète beaucoup. La logique du partage égalitaire du patrimoine et celle de la viabilité économique des exploitations se heurtent dans un système instable d'une génération sur l'autre. Le choix d'un successeur n'est pas présupposé : la tradition lignagère est peu prégnante, et la position des hommes et des femmes face à l'héritage et à la propriété est plus égalitaire qu'ailleurs. [spa] La estructura juridica de explotación de las haciendas - La estructura de explotación de las haciendas opone la Francia del Norte en donde predomina el arrendamiento a la Francia del Sud en donde es mucho más frecuente el sistema de propiedad de tierras. Pero más alla de esta constatación simplista se oponen dos tipos de estructura de explotación que combinan herencias, sucesiones, parentesco y transacciones monetarias. . El Sud-Oeste privilégia la identidad entre el patrimonio y la explotación, la transmisión por derecho de sucesión a la union conyugal. La herencia y la compra constituyen lo esencial de la finca rural que se transmite a un herendero. En el Norte, por el contrario, lo más importante de la finca rural se amenda y la parte cultivada en propiedad es con mayor frecuencia comprada y no heredada. Frente a varios arrendadores, el granjero propietario actúa como « dueño y señor de la situación ». En tal sistema, la sucesión se hace mediante la transmisión de los arrendamientos a uno de sus hijos. La region de Bretaha se halla en una situación intermedia y paradójica : los agricultores son frecuentemente los propietarios, sin embargo, heredan poco y por el contrario, compran mucho. La lógica de la partición igualitaria del patrimonio y la de viabilidad económica de las fincas rurales se enfrentan en un sistema inestable de una generación a otra. La elección de un sucesor para la finca no se presupone : la tradición ligada al derecho de sucesión se impone poco y la posición de los hombres y de las mujeres frente a la herencia y a la propiedad es más igualitaria que en ostras regiones. [eng] The Ownership of Farmlands : Patrimonies are predominant in the south, and farming concerns in the north - As far as the ownership of farmland is concerned, there is an opposition between northern France, where land is mostly rented, and southern France where it is owned by the farmer. But, to go further than this simplistic observation, two systems of land ownership can be opposed, combining heritage, succession, marriage and money transactions. . In the south-west, the farm is mostly patrimony, something that is transmitted from father to son rather than from husband to wife. Most of the farm consists of what has been inherited and what has been bought, and will be passed over to an «heir». In the north, on the contrary, most of the farmland is rented, and the part of it which is owned has been bought rather than inherited. Dealing with several lessors, the farmer always has the last word. In such a system, at the death of the farmer, the leases are passed over to one of the children. Brittany is in an intermediate and paradoxical situation : farmers often own their lands and, yet, they inherit little and buy a lot. The logic of dividing the patrimony into equal parts, clashes with the necessity to ensure the economic viability of the farm in a system which is unstable from one generation to the next. The choice of the heir is not presupposed : the succession from father to son is not taken for granted, and the position of men and women in relation to heritage and ownership is more egalitarian than in other parts of France.

Suggested Citation

  • Alice Barthez & Annie Fouquet & Michel Villac, 1988. "La structure foncière des exploitations agricoles. Prédominance du patrimoine au Sud, de l'entreprise au Nord," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 214(1), pages 41-52.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1988_num_214_1_5249
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1988.5249
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1988.5249
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    1. Labini, F.Sylos & Gabrielli, A. & Montuori, M. & Pietronero, L., 1996. "Finite size effects on the galaxy number counts: Evidence for fractal behavior up to the deepest scale," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 226(3), pages 195-242.

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