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Quels emplois après l'école : la valeur des titres scolaires depuis 1973

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  • Joëlle Affichard

Abstract

[fre] L'augmentation du chômage touche particulièrement la main-d'œuvre juvénile (33 % de chômeurs parmi les jeunes qui se présentent sur le marché du travail à la sortie du système scolaire) et transforme ses conditions d'entrée dans la vie active. Pourtant il ne semble pas que la part des embauches réservées aux débutants (11 à 12% de l'ensemble des recrutements) ait diminué entre 1973 et 1979, même si, avec la crise, le nombre d'embauchés a baissé d'environ 16%. Les employeurs se trouvent devant une main-d'œuvre dont le niveau de formation s'est élevé. Près des trois quarts des jeunes sont diplômés en 1979, 29% possédant un diplôme de l'enseignement technique court (CAP ou BEP). Chez ces derniers, la concurrence est vive entre débutants, jeunes chômeurs et jeunes gens de retour du service national. L'importance du chômage a des effets sur les relations entre titres scolaires et postes occupés : le niveau des emplois des débutants ne correspond pas toujours à leur formation. Les risques de déclassement ont augmenté pour les diplômés de l'enseignement technique court et pour les bacheliers. Le relâchement du lien entre diplôme et emploi est à nuancer : la liaison reste forte aux niveaux élevés et l'augmentation du chômage est loin d'avoir été uniforme selon les niveaux de diplôme. Les écarts ont au contraire eu tendance à se creuser. [eng] Jobs after leaving school : the Value of Diplomas since 1973 - The growth in unemployment has hit young people particularly hard (33 % unemployment rate among young people arriving on the job market after leaving school) and has transformed the conditions of entry into professionnal life. However, the proportion of beginners hired (11 to 12% of overall hiring) did not visibly diminish from 1973 to 1979 although, due to the crisis, the actual numbers hired declined by roughly 16%. The level of training or education of the young people on the job market has risen as compared with the past. Nearly three-fourths of the young people looking for jobs had some sort of diploma in 1979, and 29 % had a technical diploma (CAP or BEP). Among the latter, there was a stiff competition among beginners, young unemployed, and those returning from military service. High unemployment had an impact on the relationship between the diplomas or degrees held and the jobs actually taken — the level of job accepted by beginners did not always correspond to their skills or education. Thus, more and more young people with technical diplomas or the baccalauréat took jobs below their qualifications. Nevertheless, this gap between the level of education or training and the job actually taken should not be exaggerated, for the correspondence of diploma and job holds true within the higher educational levels, and the rise in unemployment has been far from uniform for the various levels of diplomas. [spa] Empleos tras escolarizaciôn : valor de los tîtulos desde 1973 - El aumento de la desocupación afecta especialmente la fuerza laboral juvenil (un 33 % de desocupados entre los jóven es que se presentan en el mercado laboral al final de su escolarización) y transforma las condiciones de su ingreso en la vida activa. No obstante, no parece ser que la porción de contratas reservadas a los principiantes (el 11 al 12% del conjunto de contratas) haya menguado entre 1973 y 1979 incluso si, a causa de la crisis, el número de contratas disminuyó en un 16%. Los empleadores se enfrentan con una fuerza laboral cuyo nivel de formación profesional se ha ido elevando. Aproximadamente unos tres cuartos de los jóvenes ostentaban títulos en 1979, el 29 % era posesor de un diploma de ensenanza técnica corta (en Francia : CAP o BEP). Entre estos, la competencia es de consideraciôn entre los que inician vida activa, desempleados juveniles y muchachos de retorno del servicio militar. La importancia del desempleo influye en la relaciôn entre tîtulos y cargos desempenados : el nivel de los empleos de principiantes no siempre corresponde a su formaciôn profesional. Los titulados de ensenanza corta y bachilleres se ven enfren- tados con problemas de desclasificación que se van incrementado. El aflojamiento del vínculo entre título y empleo debe de matizarse : la relación permanece potente en los niveles elevados y el aumento del desempleo dista mucho de haber sido uniforme según niveles de título. Por lo contrario, los descartes tienden a profundizarse.

Suggested Citation

  • Joëlle Affichard, 1981. "Quels emplois après l'école : la valeur des titres scolaires depuis 1973," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 134(1), pages 7-26.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1981_num_134_1_4497
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1981.4497
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1981.4497
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    Cited by:

    1. Paul Ryan, 2001. "The School-to-Work Transition: A Cross-National Perspective," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 39(1), pages 34-92, March.

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