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L'industrie française dans l'échange international 1970-1979

Author

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  • Jean Mathis
  • Jacques Régniez

Abstract

[fre] L'industrie française dans l'échange international . par Jean Mathis et Jacques Régniez. . Au cours des années soixante-dix, l'industrie française a obtenu des résultats globalement favorables en matière d'échanges extérieurs. Ces réussites ont été accompagnées de ré-orientations modifiant aussi bien la structure sectorielle du tissu industriel que l'insertion de chaque secteur dans la division internationale du travail. Comment qualifier le résultat d'ensemble de ces ré-orientations ? Pour les auteurs, il serait, en tout cas, insuffisant de ne juger l'évolution de la «spécialisation internationale» de l'industrie française qu'au seul vu des mouvements dans la hiérarchie des secteurs. Leur idée centrale est qu'un pays améliore sa spécialisation internationale si celle-ci tend à accroître le pouvoir d'achat des nationaux grâce à des gains durables de termes de l'échange. . Toutefois, la seule observation de gains de termes de l'échange pendant une période déterminée n'autorise pas à conclure d'emblée en faveur d'une amélioration de la spécialisation internationale. Il faut, de plus, faire intervenir les fondements de ces gains : simple avantage commercial ou avance technologique? Menée d'abord au niveau macro-sectoriel, l'analyse conduit à expliquer les gains de termes de l'échange industriels obtenus au cours de la dernière décennie par l'engagement croissant dans le domaine des biens d'équipement traditionnels, par le désengagement dans celui de la plupart des produits de consommation et, malgré des points forts, par le retard global dans les industries informatiques et électroniques. Conduite ensuite au niveau de quarante-quatre secteurs industriels, l'observation des mouvements de termes de l'échange permet, en outre, de ranger les secteurs en trois groupes : ceux pour lesquels les gains de termes de l'échange révèlent en fait une perte de compétitivité, ceux desquels la compétitivité semble assurée grâce à des transferts de rentabilité du marché intérieur vers les marchés internationaux, enfin, ceux dans lesquels notre industrie a bénéficié de bonnes positions commerciales de départ. Sans nier les réussites commerciales et les bénéfices qu'en a tiré la France, les auteurs considèrent qu'il reste encore à l'industrie française beaucoup à parcourir pour fonder sa spécialisation industrielle sur une assise technologique franchement affirmée. [eng] French industry in international exchanges . by Jean Mathis and Jacques Régniez. . In the 70 s, French industry achieved globally positive results in international exchanges. This success was accompanied by re-orientations which modified both the sectoral structure of France's industry and the insertion of each sector in the international division of labor. How could we characterize the overall outcome of these re-orientations ? In the opinion of the authors, it would at any rate be inadequate to judge the evolution in the «international specialization» of French industry only on the basis of shifts in the hierarchy of sectors. Their main idea is that a country improves its international specialization if such specialization tends to increase the purchasing power of its nationals thanks to durable gains in the terms of trade. . However, observation of gains in the terms of trade alone over a given period does not authorize our jumping at conclusions in favor of an improvement in international specialization Furthermore, we must take into account the bases of these gains : are they due to a mere commercial advantage or to a technological advance ? First conducted at the macro- sectonel level, the analysis leads us to an explanation of gains achieved over the past decade in the terms of industrial trade by a growing commitment in the domain of traditional capital equipment, by dismvol- vement with respect to most of the consumer goods and, despite some strong points, by overall lags in the French data processing and electronics industries. In a second step, the analysis, conducted on forty-tour industrial sectors further enable the authors, when observing the shifts m the terms of trade, to classify these sectors in three groups : those for which gams in the terms of trade actually reveal a loss of competitiveness, those in which competitiveness seems assured thanks to profitability transfers from the domestic market to the international markets and, finally, those in which French industry enjoyed good initial commercial positions. Without denying such commercial success and such benefits as France has derived from these sectors, the authors consider that French industry still has a long way to go before its industrial specialization can be established on a definitely firm technological foundation.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean Mathis & Jacques Régniez, 1981. "L'industrie française dans l'échange international 1970-1979," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 46(1), pages 31-52.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecoprv:ecop_0249-4744_1981_num_46_1_6039
    DOI: 10.3406/ecop.1981.6039
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecop.1981.6039
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