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L'auto-référence dans la théorie keynésienne de la spéculation

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  • André Orléan

Abstract

[fre] L'idée centrale, qui fonde l'analyse de la spéculation financière menée par J.M. Keynes dans la Théorie Générale, est que l'anticipation du spéculateur est une anticipation quant à l'opinion des autres opérateurs sur le cours boursier de la période suivante. On peut caractériser cette situation comme auto-réfé- rentielle dans la mesure où on anticipe une valeur qui n'est pas extérieure au marché, comme le serait la « valeur fondamentale », mais qui est produite par le marché lui-même, l'opinion moyenne des agents. Cette caractéristique conduit à doter la spéculation de propriétés spécifiques : rôle des prophéties autoréalisatrices, multiplicité et indétermination des équilibres... La mise en évidence par J.M. Keynes de ces propriétés le conduit à s'écarter de la vision traditionnelle de la spéculation comme processus stabilisateur. Elle le mène à critiquer sévèrement la recherche systématique de la liquidité financière. Dans une dernière partie, nous soulignons la convergence entre ces résultats et les résultats modernes obtenus dans l'analyse des bulles spéculatives avec anticipations rationnelles. [eng] At the heart of Keynes's theory of financial speculation in the General Theory is the idea that the speculator's expectation is essentially concerned with what the other operators will believe about prices of the Stock Exchange at the next period. This situation is self-referential to the extend that the expectations have to do with the market's own product, i.e. the average opinion of the agents and not with an exogeneous value — such as "the fundamental value". The consequence is that speculation shows special characteristics such as self-fulfilling prophecies, and an indeterminacy of equilibria. Keynes's understanding of these phenomena led him to abandon the traditional view whereby speculation plays a stabilizing role. Consequently he conducts a severe criticism of the agent's strategy always of seeking liquidity. In conclusion we demonstrate that there is a close link between Keynes's findings and those reached in modern studies of speculative bubbles (theory of rational expectations).

Suggested Citation

  • André Orléan, 1988. "L'auto-référence dans la théorie keynésienne de la spéculation," Cahiers d'Économie Politique, Programme National Persée, vol. 14(1), pages 229-242.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:caecpo:cep_0154-8344_1988_num_14_1_1072
    DOI: 10.3406/cep.1988.1072
    Note: DOI:10.3406/cep.1988.1072
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