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Socio-demographic factors associated with early antenatal care visits among pregnant women in Malawi: 2004–2016

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Listed:
  • Wingston Felix Ng’ambi
  • Joseph H Collins
  • Tim Colbourn
  • Tara Mangal
  • Andrew Phillips
  • Fannie Kachale
  • Joseph Mfutso-Bengo
  • Paul Revill
  • Timothy B Hallett

Abstract

Introduction: In 2016, the WHO published recommendations increasing the number of recommended antenatal care (ANC) visits per pregnancy from four to eight. Prior to the implementation of this policy, coverage of four ANC visits has been suboptimal in many low-income settings. In this study we explore socio-demographic factors associated with early initiation of first ANC contact and attending at least four ANC visits (“ANC4+”) in Malawi using the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) data collected between 2004 and 2016, prior to the implementation of new recommendations. Methods: We combined data from the 2004–5, 2010 and 2015–16 MDHS using Stata version 16. Participants included all women surveyed between the ages of 15–49 who had given birth in the five years preceding the survey. We conducted weighted univariate, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of the effects of each of the predictor variables on the binary endpoint of the woman attending at least four ANC visits and having the first ANC attendance within or before the four months of pregnancy (ANC4+). To determine whether a factor was included in the model, the likelihood ratio test was used with a statistical significance of P

Suggested Citation

  • Wingston Felix Ng’ambi & Joseph H Collins & Tim Colbourn & Tara Mangal & Andrew Phillips & Fannie Kachale & Joseph Mfutso-Bengo & Paul Revill & Timothy B Hallett, 2022. "Socio-demographic factors associated with early antenatal care visits among pregnant women in Malawi: 2004–2016," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(2), pages 1-18, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0263650
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263650
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gerald Manthalu, 2019. "User fee exemption and maternal health care utilisation at mission health facilities in Malawi: An application of disequilibrium theory of demand and supply," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 461-474, April.
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