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Whole Grain, Bran, and Germ Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study and Systematic Review

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  • Jeroen S L de Munter
  • Frank B Hu
  • Donna Spiegelman
  • Mary Franz
  • Rob M van Dam

Abstract

Background: Control of body weight by balancing energy intake and energy expenditure is of major importance for the prevention of type 2 diabetes, but the role of specific dietary factors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes is less well established. We evaluated intakes of whole grain, bran, and germ in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in prospective cohort studies. Methods and Findings: We followed 161,737 US women of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHSs) I and II, without history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. The age at baseline was 37–65 y for NHSI and 26–46 y for NHSII. Dietary intakes and potential confounders were assessed with regularly administered questionnaires. We documented 6,486 cases of type 2 diabetes during 12–18 y of follow-up. Other prospective cohort studies on whole grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes were identified in searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE up to January 2007, and data were independently extracted by two reviewers. The median whole grain intake in the lowest and highest quintile of intake was, respectively, 3.7 and 31.2 g/d for NHSI and 6.2 and 39.9 g/d for NHSII. After adjustment for potential confounders, the relative risks (RRs) for the highest as compared with the lowest quintile of whole grain intake was 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–0.69) for NHSI and 0.68 (95% CI 0.57–0.81) for NHSII (both: p-value, test for trend

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  • Jeroen S L de Munter & Frank B Hu & Donna Spiegelman & Mary Franz & Rob M van Dam, 2007. "Whole Grain, Bran, and Germ Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study and Systematic Review," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 4(8), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pmed00:0040261
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040261
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    Cited by:

    1. Emanuela Leoncini & Cecilia Prata & Marco Malaguti & Ilaria Marotti & Antonio Segura-Carretero & Pietro Catizone & Giovanni Dinelli & Silvana Hrelia, 2012. "Phytochemical Profile and Nutraceutical Value of Old and Modern Common Wheat Cultivars," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(9), pages 1-13, September.
    2. Jon Steinman, 2020. "Consumer Food Co‐ops in the Age of Grocery Giants," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 79(3), pages 833-875, May.

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