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Education and Income Relationship in Turkey

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  • Feride Ozturk

Abstract

This paper examines the causal relationship between four different measures of education and income in Turkey using time series data for the period 1971-2013. The four measures are: (a) gross primary-school enrolment, (b) gross secondary-school enrolment, (c) gross higher-school enrolment and (d) government expenditure on education relative to total government expenditure. The analysis employs a Toda and Yamamoto (1995) approach to Granger non-causality. The empirical findings indicate evidence of a unidirectional causality running from secondary-school enrolment to GDP per capita and higher-school enrolment to GDP per capita. The results also indicate that primary education and government spending on education do not Granger cause economic growth and vice versa.

Suggested Citation

  • Feride Ozturk, 2016. "Education and Income Relationship in Turkey," The Economics and Finance Letters, Conscientia Beam, vol. 3(1), pages 8-12.
    • Handle: RePEc:pkp:teafle:v:3:y:2016:i:1:p:8-12:id:1599
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    File URL: https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.php/29/article/view/1599/2219
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