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Option Pricing and the Martingale Restriction

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Author Info
Longstaff, Francis A
Abstract

In the absence of frictions, the value of the underlying asset implied by option prices must equal its actual market value. With frictions, however, this requirement need not hold. Using S&P 100 index options data, I find that the implied cost of the index is significantly higher in the options market than in the stock market, and is directly related to measures of transaction costs and liquidity. I show that the Black-Scholes model has strong bid-ask spread, trading volume, and open interest biases. Option pricing models that relax the martingale restriction perform significantly better. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.

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Publisher Info
Article provided by Oxford University Press for Society for Financial Studies in its journal Review of Financial Studies.

Volume (Year): 8 (1995)
Issue (Month): 4 ()
Pages: 1091-1124
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Handle: RePEc:oup:rfinst:v:8:y:1995:i:4:p:1091-1124

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  2. Günter Franke & Martin Weber, 2001. "Heterogeneity of Investors and Asset Pricing in a Risk-Value World," CoFE Discussion Paper 01-08, Center of Finance and Econometrics, University of Konstanz. [Downloadable!]
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  3. Patrick Dennis & Stewart Mayhew, 2009. "Microstructural biases in empirical tests of option pricing models," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 169-191, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. David Backus & Silverio Foresi & Liuren Wu, 2002. "Accouting for Biases in Black-Scholes," Finance 0207008, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  5. René Garcia & Richard Luger & Éric Renault, 2001. "Asymmetric Smiles, Leverage Effects and Structural Parameters," CIRANO Working Papers 2001s-01, CIRANO. [Downloadable!]
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  6. Kwamie Dunbar, 2009. "Solving the Non-Linear Dynamic Asset Allocation Problem: Effects of Arbitrary Stochastic Processes and Unsystematic Risk on the Super Efficient Portfolio Space," Working papers 2009-04, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  7. Nicolae Garleanu & Lasse Heje Pedersen & Allen M. Poteshman, 2005. "Demand-Based Option Pricing," NBER Working Papers 11843, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  8. Joshua Rosenberg, 2000. "Asset Pricing Puzzles: Evidence from Options Markets," New York University, Leonard N. Stern School Finance Department Working Paper Seires 99-025, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business-. [Downloadable!]
  9. Charles Cao & Jing-Zhi Huang, 2007. "Determinants of S&P 500 index option returns," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-38, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. David Bakstein, 2001. "The Pricing of Derivatives in Illiquid Markets," OFRC Working Papers Series 2001mf05, Oxford Financial Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
  11. A.B. Berkelaar & R.R.P. Kouwenberg, 2000. "Dynamic asset allocation and downside-risk aversion," Econometric Institute Report 190, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Econometric Institute. [Downloadable!]
  12. Nadiezhda de la Uz, 2002. "La hipótesis de martingala en el mercado bursátil mexicano," Estudios Económicos, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, vol. 17(1), pages 91-127. [Downloadable!]
  13. René Garcia & Eric Ghysels & Éric Renault, 2004. "The Econometrics of Option Pricing," CIRANO Working Papers 2004s-04, CIRANO. [Downloadable!]
  14. Jun Liu & Francis Longstaff & Ravit Mandell, 2000. "The Market Price of Credit Risk: An Empirical Analysis of Interest Rate Swap Spreads," University of California at Los Angeles, Anderson Graduate School of Management 1076, Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA. [Downloadable!]
  15. David Bakstein & Sam Howison, 2002. "A Risk-Neutral Parametric Liquidity Model for Derivatives," OFRC Working Papers Series 2002mf02, Oxford Financial Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
  16. Rene Garcia & Richard Luger & Eric Renault, 2004. "Option Prices, Preferences, and State Variables," Emory Economics 0418, Department of Economics, Emory University (Atlanta). [Downloadable!]
  17. Joshua V. Rosenberg, 2003. "Nonparametric pricing of multivariate contingent claims," Staff Reports 162, Federal Reserve Bank of New York. [Downloadable!]
  18. Bhupinder Bahra, . "Implied risk-neutral probability density functions from option prices: theory and application," Bank of England working papers 66, Bank of England. [Downloadable!]
  19. Eli Ofek & Matthew Richardson & Robert F. Whitelaw, 2003. "Limited Arbitrage and Short Sales Restrictions: Evidence from the Options Markets," NBER Working Papers 9423, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  20. Gonzalo Rubio & Eva Ferreira & Mónica Gago, 2003. "An empirical comparison of the performance of alternative option pricing models," DFAEII Working Papers 200204, University of the Basque Country - Department of Foundations of Economic Analysis II. [Downloadable!]
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  21. Guenter Franke & Richard C. Stapleton & Marti G. Subrahmanyam, 1999. "When are Options Overpriced? The Black-Scholes Model and Alternative Characterisations of the Pricing Kernel," Finance 9904004, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  22. Dimitris Bertsimas & Leonid Kogan & Andrew W. Lo, 1997. "Pricing and Hedging Derivative Securities in Incomplete Markets: An E-Aritrage Model," NBER Working Papers 6250, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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