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Credit Constraints in Manufacturing Enterprises in Africa

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Author Info
Arne Bigsten
Paul Collier
Stefan Dercon
Marcel Fafchamps
Bernard Gauthier
Jan Willem Gunning
Abena Oduro
Remco Oostendorp
Cathy Patillo
Måns S–derbom
Francis Teal
Albert Zeufack

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Abstract

We investigate the question of whether firms in Africa's manufacturing sector are credit constrained. The fact that few firms obtain credit is not sufficient to prove constraints, since certain firms may not have a demand for credit while others may be refused credit as part of profit maximising behaviour by banks. To investigate this question, we use direct evidence on whether firms had a demand of credit and whether their demand was satisfied in the formal credit market, based on panel data on firms in the manufacturing sector from six African countries. Of those firms with a demand for credit, only a quarter obtained a formal sector loan. Our analysis suggests that while banks allocate credit on the basis of expected profits, micro or small firms are much less likely to get a loan than large firms. We also find that outstanding debt is positively related with obtaining further lending. The role of outstanding debt is likely to be a reflection of inefficiency in credit markets, while the fact that size matters is consistent with a bias as well, although we cannot totally exclude that they reflect transactions costs on the part of banks. We present an analysis showing how much more profitable small firms must be to obtain a loan than large firms. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.

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Publisher Info
Article provided by Oxford University Press in its journal Journal of African Economies.

Volume (Year): 12 (2003)
Issue (Month): 1 (March)
Pages: 104-125
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Handle: RePEc:oup:jafrec:v:12:y:2003:i:1:p:104-125

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Postal: Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, UK
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  1. Steinbuks, J., 2008. "Financial constraints and firms' investment: results of a natural experiment measuring firm response to power interruption," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0844, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. [Downloadable!]
  2. John Rand, 2004. "Credit Constraints and Determinants of the Cost of Capital in Vietnamese Manufacturing," Discussion Papers 05-01, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Abigail Barr & Marcel Fafchamps & Trudy Owens, 2004. "The Resources and Governance of Non-Governmental Organizations in Uganda," Development and Comp Systems 0409047, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  4. Gamal Ibrahim & Abbi Kedir & Sebastian Torres, 2007. "Household-level Credit Constraints in Urban Ethiopia," Discussion Papers in Economics 07/03, Department of Economics, University of Leicester. [Downloadable!]
  5. Justin van der Sluis & Mirjam van Praag & Wim Vijverberg, 2003. "Entrepreneurship Selection and Performance," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 03-046/3, Tinbergen Institute, revised 24 Sep 2004. [Downloadable!]
  6. Joshua Abor, 2008. "Determinants of the Capital Structure of Ghanaian Firms," Research Papers RP_176, African Economic Research Consortium. [Downloadable!]
  7. Lall, Somik V. & Mengistae, Taye, 2005. "The impact of business environment and economic geography on plant-level productivity : an analysis of Indian industry," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3664, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  8. Honohan, Patrick, 2005. "Measuring microfinance access : building on existing cross-country data," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3606, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  9. Schündeln, Matthias, 2005. "Modeling Firm Dynamics to Identify the Cost of Financing Constraints in Ghanaian Manufacturing," Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Kiel 2005 29, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics. [Downloadable!]
  10. Bigsten, Arne & Soderbom, Mans, 2005. "What have we learned from a decade of manufacturing enterprise surveys in Africa ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3798, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
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