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Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

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  • William F. Laurance

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.
    Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.)

  • D. Carolina Useche

    (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.)

  • Julio Rendeiro

    (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.)

  • Margareta Kalka

    (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.)

  • Corey J. A. Bradshaw

    (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.)

  • Sean P. Sloan

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Susan G. Laurance

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Mason Campbell

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Kate Abernethy

    (Stirling University, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.)

  • Patricia Alvarez

    (Duke University)

  • Victor Arroyo-Rodriguez

    (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM))

  • Peter Ashton

    (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK.)

  • Julieta Benítez-Malvido

    (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM))

  • Allard Blom

    (World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC 20037, USA.)

  • Kadiri S. Bobo

    (University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.)

  • Charles H. Cannon

    (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden)

  • Min Cao

    (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden)

  • Richard Carroll

    (World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC 20037, USA.)

  • Colin Chapman

    (McGill University, Montreal H3A 2T7, Canada.)

  • Rosamond Coates

    (Estación de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz 95701, Mexico.)

  • Marina Cords

    (Columbia University)

  • Finn Danielsen

    (Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology, DK-1159 Copenhagen, Denmark.)

  • Bart De Dijn

    (Bart De Dijn Environmental Consultancy)

  • Eric Dinerstein

    (World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC 20037, USA.)

  • Maureen A. Donnelly

    (Florida International University)

  • David Edwards

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Felicity Edwards

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Nina Farwig

    (Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.)

  • Peter Fashing

    (California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, USA.)

  • Pierre-Michel Forget

    (Museum Natural d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France.)

  • Mercedes Foster

    (US Geological Survey, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA.)

  • George Gale

    (King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.)

  • David Harris

    (Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland EH3 5LR, UK.)

  • Rhett Harrison

    (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden)

  • John Hart

    (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project)

  • Sarah Karpanty

    (Virginia Tech University)

  • W. John Kress

    (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA.)

  • Jagdish Krishnaswamy

    (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, India.)

  • Willis Logsdon

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Jon Lovett

    (University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.)

  • William Magnusson

    (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA))

  • Fiona Maisels

    (Stirling University, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
    Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Andrew R. Marshall

    (University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.)

  • Deedra McClearn

    (La Selva Biological Station, San Pedro, Costa Rica.)

  • Divya Mudappa

    (Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 570 002, India.)

  • Martin R. Nielsen

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Richard Pearson

    (James Cook University)

  • Nigel Pitman

    (Duke University)

  • Jan van der Ploeg

    (Leiden University)

  • Andrew Plumptre

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • John Poulsen

    (Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA.)

  • Mauricio Quesada

    (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM))

  • Hugo Rainey

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Douglas Robinson

    (Oregon State University)

  • Christiane Roetgers

    (Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.)

  • Francesco Rovero

    (Museo delle Scienze, 38122 Trento, Italy.)

  • Frederick Scatena

    (University of Pennsylvania)

  • Christian Schulze

    (University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.)

  • Douglas Sheil

    (Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Kabale, Uganda.)

  • Thomas Struhsaker

    (Duke University)

  • John Terborgh

    (Duke University)

  • Duncan Thomas

    (Oregon State University)

  • Robert Timm

    (University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.)

  • J. Nicolas Urbina-Cardona

    (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.)

  • Karthikeyan Vasudevan

    (Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.)

  • S. Joseph Wright

    (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.)

  • Juan Carlos Arias-G.

    (Unidad de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.)

  • Luzmila Arroyo

    (Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.)

  • Mark Ashton

    (Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.)

  • Philippe Auzel

    (McGill University, Montreal H3A 2T7, Canada.)

  • Dennis Babaasa

    (Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Kabale, Uganda.)

  • Fred Babweteera

    (Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda.)

  • Patrick Baker

    (Monash University)

  • Olaf Banki

    (Utrecht University)

  • Margot Bass

    (Finding Species, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912, USA.)

  • Inogwabini Bila-Isia

    (University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NZ, UK.)

  • Stephen Blake

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Warren Brockelman

    (Mahidol University Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.)

  • Nicholas Brokaw

    (University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.)

  • Carsten A. Brühl

    (University Koblenz-Landau, D-76829 Landau, Germany.)

  • Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin

    (Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.)

  • Jung-Tai Chao

    (Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Tapei 10066, Taiwan.)

  • Jerome Chave

    (Université Paul Sabatier)

  • Ravi Chellam

    (Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangalore 560070, India.)

  • Connie J. Clark

    (Duke University)

  • José Clavijo

    (Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aragua, Venezuela.)

  • Robert Congdon

    (James Cook University)

  • Richard Corlett

    (National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.)

  • H. S. Dattaraja

    (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.)

  • Chittaranjan Dave

    (World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), New Delhi 110003, India.)

  • Glyn Davies

    (World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Surrey GU7 1XR, UK.)

  • Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel

    (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação de Biodiversidade, Atibaia, São Paulo 12952-011, Brazil.)

  • Rosa de Nazaré Paes da Silva

    (O Conselho Regional de Engenhara, Arquitetura e Agronomia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.)

  • Anthony Di Fiore

    (University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.)

  • Arvin Diesmos

    (National Museum of the Philippines)

  • Rodolfo Dirzo

    (Stanford University)

  • Diane Doran-Sheehy

    (State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.)

  • Mitchell Eaton

    (University of Colorado)

  • Louise Emmons

    (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA.)

  • Alejandro Estrada

    (Estación de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz 95701, Mexico.)

  • Corneille Ewango

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Linda Fedigan

    (University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.)

  • François Feer

    (Museum Natural d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France.)

  • Barbara Fruth

    (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology)

  • Jacalyn Giacalone Willis

    (Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA.)

  • Uromi Goodale

    (University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.)

  • Steven Goodman

    (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA.)

  • Juan C. Guix

    (Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.)

  • Paul Guthiga

    (Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis)

  • William Haber

    (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, USA.)

  • Keith Hamer

    (University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.)

  • Ilka Herbinger

    (Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Abidjan 23, Cote d'Ivoire.)

  • Jane Hill

    (University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.)

  • Zhongliang Huang

    (Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Zhaoqing, People’s Republic of China.)

  • I Fang Sun

    (Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.)

  • Kalan Ickes

    (Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.)

  • Akira Itoh

    (Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.)

  • Natália Ivanauskas

    (Instituto Florestal, São Paulo, São Paulo 02377-000, Brazil.)

  • Betsy Jackes

    (James Cook University)

  • John Janovec

    (Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.)

  • Daniel Janzen

    (University of Pennsylvania)

  • Mo Jiangming

    (South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China.)

  • Chen Jin

    (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden)

  • Trevor Jones

    (Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.)

  • Hermes Justiniano

    (Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano)

  • Elisabeth Kalko

    (University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany.)

  • Aventino Kasangaki

    (Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.)

  • Timothy Killeen

    (Conservation International)

  • Hen-biau King

    (Society of Subtropical Ecology)

  • Erik Klop

    (Royal Haskoning, Water and Ecology Group, Groningen, Netherlands.)

  • Cheryl Knott

    (Boston University)

  • Inza Koné

    (Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.)

  • Enoka Kudavidanage

    (National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.)

  • José Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro

    (Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.)

  • John Lattke

    (Universidad Central de Venezuela)

  • Richard Laval

    (The Bat Jungle, Monteverde, Costa Rica.)

  • Robert Lawton

    (University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.)

  • Miguel Leal

    (Boîte Postale 7847)

  • Mark Leighton

    (95 Warren Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.)

  • Miguel Lentino

    (Colección Ornitológica Phelps)

  • Cristiane Leonel

    (Parque Estadual Horto Florestal, São Paulo, São Paulo 02377-000, Brazil.)

  • Jeremy Lindsell

    (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK.)

  • Lee Ling-Ling

    (National Taiwan University)

  • K. Eduard Linsenmair

    (University of Würzburg, Biocenter, D97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.)

  • Elizabeth Losos

    (Organization for Tropical Studies)

  • Ariel Lugo

    (USDA International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00926.)

  • Jeremiah Lwanga

    (Makerere University)

  • Andrew L. Mack

    (Green Capacity Inc.)

  • Marlucia Martins

    (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil.)

  • W. Scott McGraw

    (Ohio State University)

  • Roan McNab

    (Wildlife Conservation Society, Flores, Guatemala.)

  • Luciano Montag

    (Universidad Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil.)

  • Jo Myers Thompson

    (Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa)

  • Jacob Nabe-Nielsen

    (Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.)

  • Michiko Nakagawa

    (Nagoya University)

  • Sanjay Nepal

    (University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.)

  • Marilyn Norconk

    (Kent State University)

  • Vojtech Novotny

    (Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.)

  • Sean O'Donnell

    (University of Washington)

  • Muse Opiang

    (PNG Institute of Biological Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.)

  • Paul Ouboter

    (University of Suriname)

  • Kenneth Parker

    (113-3885 Richet Rd, Prince George, British Columbia V2K 2J2, Canada.)

  • N. Parthasarathy

    (Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605-014, India.)

  • Kátia Pisciotta

    (Fundação Florestal, São Paulo, São Paulo 02377-000, Brazil.)

  • Dewi Prawiradilaga

    (Research Centre for Biology, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.)

  • Catherine Pringle

    (University of Georgia)

  • Subaraj Rajathurai

    (Strix Wildlife Consultancy)

  • Ulrich Reichard

    (Southern Illinois University)

  • Gay Reinartz

    (Zoological Society of Milwaukee)

  • Katherine Renton

    (Estación de Biologia Chamela, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jalisco 48980, Mexico.)

  • Glen Reynolds

    (Danum Valley Field Centre)

  • Vernon Reynolds

    (Oxford University, Oxford BN26 5UX, UK.)

  • Erin Riley

    (San Diego State University)

  • Mark-Oliver Rödel

    (Museum für Naturkunde)

  • Jessica Rothman

    (City University of New York)

  • Philip Round

    (Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.)

  • Shoko Sakai

    (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature)

  • Tania Sanaiotti

    (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA))

  • Tommaso Savini

    (King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.)

  • Gertrud Schaab

    (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences)

  • John Seidensticker

    (National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20013, USA.)

  • Alhaji Siaka

    (Gola Forest Programme, Kenema, Sierra Leone.)

  • Miles R. Silman

    (Wake Forest University)

  • Thomas B. Smith

    (University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.)

  • Samuel Soares de Almeida

    (Av. Maalhães Barata 376, Belém, Pará 66040-170, Brazil.)

  • Navjot Sodhi

    (National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.)

  • Craig Stanford

    (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.)

  • Kristine Stewart

    (Institute of Applied Ethnobotany, Pompano Beach, Florida 33069, USA.)

  • Emma Stokes

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Kathryn E. Stoner

    (Texas A & M University, Kingsville, Texas 78363, USA.)

  • Raman Sukumar

    (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.)

  • Martin Surbeck

    (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology)

  • Mathias Tobler

    (Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.)

  • Teja Tscharntke

    (Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.)

  • Andrea Turkalo

    (Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangui, Central African Republic.)

  • Govindaswamy Umapathy

    (Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology)

  • Merlijn van Weerd

    (Leiden University)

  • Jorge Vega Rivera

    (Estación de Biologia Chamela, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jalisco 48980, Mexico.)

  • Meena Venkataraman

    (701, Vesta B, Lodha Paradise, Thane, India.)

  • Linda Venn

    (Paluma Environmental Education Centre, Paluma, Queensland 4816, Australia.)

  • Carlos Verea

    (Universidad Central de Venezuela)

  • Carolina Volkmer de Castilho

    (Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil.)

  • Matthias Waltert

    (Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.)

  • Benjamin Wang

    (University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.)

  • David Watts

    (Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.)

  • William Weber

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Paige West

    (Columbia University)

  • David Whitacre

    (Treasure Valley Math and Science Center)

  • Ken Whitney

    (Rice University)

  • David Wilkie

    (Wildlife Conservation Society)

  • Stephen Williams

    (James Cook University)

  • Debra D. Wright

    (Green Capacity Inc.)

  • Patricia Wright

    (Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.)

  • Lu Xiankai

    (South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China.)

  • Pralad Yonzon

    (Resources Himalaya Foundation)

  • Franky Zamzani

    (Gunung Palung National Park)

Abstract

Analysis of changes in functional groups of species and potential drivers of environmental change for protected areas across the world’s major tropical regions reveals large variation between reserves that have been effective and those experiencing an erosion of biodiversity, and shows that environmental changes immediately outside reserves are nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate.

Suggested Citation

  • William F. Laurance & D. Carolina Useche & Julio Rendeiro & Margareta Kalka & Corey J. A. Bradshaw & Sean P. Sloan & Susan G. Laurance & Mason Campbell & Kate Abernethy & Patricia Alvarez & Victor Arr, 2012. "Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas," Nature, Nature, vol. 489(7415), pages 290-294, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:489:y:2012:i:7415:d:10.1038_nature11318
    DOI: 10.1038/nature11318
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    Cited by:

    1. Sonia SCHWARTZ & Jean Galbert ONGONO OLINGA & Eric Nazindigouba KERE & Pascale COMBES MOTEL & Jean-Louis COMBES & Johanna CHOUMERT & Ariane Manuela AMIN, 2014. "A spatial econometric approach to spillover effects between protected areas and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon," Working Papers 201406, CERDI.
    2. Liang, Yuanning & Rudik, Ivan & Zou, Eric Yongchen, 2021. "Economic Production and Biodiversity in the United States," SocArXiv qy76a, Center for Open Science.
    3. Andrea Santangeli & Benjamin Weigel & Laura H. Antão & Elina Kaarlejärvi & Maria Hällfors & Aleksi Lehikoinen & Andreas Lindén & Maija Salemaa & Tiina Tonteri & Päivi Merilä & Kristiina Vuorio & Otso , 2023. "Mixed effects of a national protected area network on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    4. Patrick José Jeetze & Isabelle Weindl & Justin Andrew Johnson & Pasquale Borrelli & Panos Panagos & Edna J. Molina Bacca & Kristine Karstens & Florian Humpenöder & Jan Philipp Dietrich & Sara Minoli &, 2023. "Projected landscape-scale repercussions of global action for climate and biodiversity protection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Yinqiu Ji & Christopher C. M. Baker & Viorel D. Popescu & Jiaxin Wang & Chunying Wu & Zhengyang Wang & Yuanheng Li & Lin Wang & Chaolang Hua & Zhongxing Yang & Chunyan Yang & Charles C. Y. Xu & Alex D, 2022. "Measuring protected-area effectiveness using vertebrate distributions from leech iDNA," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Glenn Dale & Gabriela Dotro & Puneet Srivastava & David Austin & Stacy Hutchinson & Peter Head & Ashantha Goonetilleke & Alexandros Stefanakis & Ranka Junge & José A. Fernández L. & Vanessa Weyer & Wa, 2021. "Education in Ecological Engineering—a Need Whose Time Has Come," Circular Economy and Sustainability,, Springer.
    7. Ziqi Meng & Jinwei Dong & Erle C. Ellis & Graciela Metternicht & Yuanwei Qin & Xiao-Peng Song & Sara Löfqvist & Rachael D. Garrett & Xiaopeng Jia & Xiangming Xiao, 2023. "Post-2020 biodiversity framework challenged by cropland expansion in protected areas," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 6(7), pages 758-768, July.
    8. Gutiérrez-Arellano, Claudia & Mulligan, Mark, 2020. "Small-sized protected areas contribute more per unit area to tropical crop pollination than large protected areas," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    9. Cecilia Parracciani & Robert Buitenwerf & Jens-Christian Svenning, 2023. "Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetation in Kenya: Future Projections and Implications for Protected Areas," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-20, November.
    10. Qi Sun & Yunli Bai & Chao Fu & Xiangbo Xu & Mingxing Sun & Baodong Cheng & Linxiu Zhang, 2022. "Heterogeneous Effects of Skill Training on Rural Livelihoods around Four Biosphere Reserves in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-22, September.
    11. Piquer-Rodríguez, M. & Baumann, M. & Butsic, V. & Gasparri, H.I. & Gavier-Pizarro, G. & Volante, J.N. & Müller, D. & Kuemmerle, T., 2018. "The potential impact of economic policies on future land-use conversions in Argentina," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 57-67.
    12. Ng, Julia Su Chen & Chervier, Colas & Ancrenaz, Marc & Naito, Daisuke & Karsenty, Alain, 2022. "Recent forest and land-use policy changes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo: Are they truly transformational?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    13. Yajuan Wang & Yongheng Rao & Hongbo Zhu, 2023. "Analyzing the Land Use and Cover Change Inside and Outside China’s Ecological Function Area," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-14, July.
    14. Qing Zhang & Yanping Wang & Xuan Liu, 2024. "Risk of introduction and establishment of alien vertebrate species in transboundary neighboring areas," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    15. Heidi J. Albers, 2022. "Protected Area Network Expansion and Management: Economics to improve conservation outcomes," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 83(4), pages 955-972, December.
    16. Nguyen Dinh Hai & Le Khac Dong & Duong Thi Men & Thi Huynh Nguyen Nha & Thi Thu Ha Hue & Siriporn Pradit, 2021. "Spatiotemporal Contribution of Participants in Patrolling Efforts from a Forest Station, Pu Hu Nature Reserve, Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-11, November.
    17. Yajuan Wang & Yongheng Rao & Hongbo Zhu, 2022. "Revealing the Impact of Protected Areas on Land Cover Volatility in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, August.

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