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The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis

Author

Listed:
  • F. Kunst

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie Microbienne)

  • N. Ogasawara

    (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences)

  • I. Moszer

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • A. M. Albertini

    (Universita di Pavia)

  • G. Alloni

    (Universita di Pavia)

  • V. Azevedo

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • M. G. Bertero

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique
    Universita di Pavia)

  • P. Bessières

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • A. Bolotin

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • S. Borchert

    (Institut für Mikrobiologie, J. W. Goethe-Universität)

  • R. Borriss

    (Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Humboldt Universität)

  • L. Boursier

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • A. Brans

    (Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6, Sart Tilman)

  • M. Braun

    (QIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer-Strasse 4)

  • S. C. Brignell

    (Immunological and Virological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place)

  • S. Bron

    (University of Groningen)

  • S. Brouillet

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique
    Atelier de BioInformatique, Université Paris VI)

  • C. V. Bruschi

    (ICGEB, AREA Science Park)

  • B. Caldwell

    (Genencor International)

  • V. Capuano

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • N. M. Carter

    (Immunological and Virological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place)

  • S.-K. Choi

    (Bacterial Molecular Genetics Research Unit, KRIBB)

  • J.-J. Codani

    (INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, PB 105)

  • I. F. Connerton

    (Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory)

  • N. J. Cummings

    (Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory)

  • R. A. Daniel

    (Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford)

  • F. Denizot

    (Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS BP 71, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier)

  • K. M. Devine

    (Trinity College)

  • A. Düsterhöft

    (QIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer-Strasse 4)

  • S. D. Ehrlich

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • P. T. Emmerson

    (The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place)

  • K. D. Entian

    (Institut für Mikrobiologie, J. W. Goethe-Universität)

  • J. Errington

    (Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford)

  • C. Fabret

    (Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS BP 71, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier)

  • E. Ferrari

    (Genencor International)

  • D. Foulger

    (Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford)

  • C. Fritz

    (QIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer-Strasse 4)

  • M. Fujita

    (Radioisotope Center, National Insitute of Genetics)

  • Y. Fujita

    (Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University, Higashimura-cho, Fukuyama-shi)

  • S. Fuma

    (Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University)

  • A. Galizzi

    (Universita di Pavia)

  • N. Galleron

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • S.-Y. Ghim

    (Bacterial Molecular Genetics Research Unit, KRIBB)

  • P. Glaser

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • A. Goffeau

    (Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain)

  • E. J. Golightly

    (Novo Nordisk Biotech)

  • G. Grandi

    (Eniricerche)

  • G. Guiseppi

    (Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS BP 71, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier)

  • B. J. Guy

    (Immunological and Virological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place)

  • K. Haga

    (Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tokyo)

  • J. Haiech

    (Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS BP 71, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier)

  • C. R. Harwood

    (Immunological and Virological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place)

  • A. Hénaut

    (Laboratoire Génome et Informatique, Université de Versailles, Bâtiment Buffon)

  • H. Hilbert

    (QIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer-Strasse 4)

  • S. Holsappel

    (University of Groningen)

  • S. Hosono

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • M.-F. Hullo

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • M. Itaya

    (Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamyiooa)

  • L. Jones

    (Institut Pasteur, Service d'Informatique Scientifique)

  • B. Joris

    (Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6, Sart Tilman)

  • D. Karamata

    (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Microbiennes, Université de Lausanne)

  • Y. Kasahara

    (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences)

  • M. Klaerr-Blanchard

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • C. Klein

    (Institut für Mikrobiologie, J. W. Goethe-Universität)

  • Y. Kobayashi

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • P. Koetter

    (Institut für Mikrobiologie, J. W. Goethe-Universität)

  • G. Koningstein

    (MBW/BCA, Faculty of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087)

  • S. Krogh

    (Trinity College)

  • M. Kumano

    (Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University)

  • K. Kurita

    (Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University)

  • A. Lapidus

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • S. Lardinois

    (Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie B6, Sart Tilman)

  • J. Lauber

    (QIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer-Strasse 4)

  • V. Lazarevic

    (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Microbiennes, Université de Lausanne)

  • S.-M. Lee

    (Chongju University College of Science and Engineering)

  • A. Levine

    (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris Sud, URA CNRS 2225, Université Paris XI–Bâtiment 409)

  • H. Liu

    (Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tokyo)

  • S. Masuda

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • C. Mauël

    (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Microbiennes, Université de Lausanne)

  • C. Médigue

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique
    Atelier de BioInformatique, Université Paris VI)

  • N. Medina

    (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris Sud, URA CNRS 2225, Université Paris XI–Bâtiment 409)

  • R. P. Mellado

    (Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autonoma)

  • M. Mizuno

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • D. Moestl

    (QIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer-Strasse 4)

  • S. Nakai

    (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences)

  • M. Noback

    (University of Groningen)

  • D. Noone

    (Trinity College)

  • M. O'Reilly

    (Trinity College)

  • K. Ogawa

    (Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University)

  • A. Ogiwara

    (National Institute of Basic Biology, 38 Nishigounaka)

  • B. Oudega

    (MBW/BCA, Faculty of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087)

  • S.-H. Park

    (Bacterial Molecular Genetics Research Unit, KRIBB)

  • V. Parro

    (Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autonoma)

  • T. M. Pohl

    (Gesellschaft für Analyse-Technik und Consulting mbH, Fritz-Arnold Straβe 23)

  • D. Portetelle

    (Faculty of Agronomy)

  • S. Porwollik

    (Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Humboldt Universität)

  • A. M. Prescott

    (Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford)

  • E. Presecan

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • P. Pujic

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • B. Purnelle

    (Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain)

  • G. Rapoport

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie Microbienne)

  • M. Rey

    (Novo Nordisk Biotech)

  • S. Reynolds

    (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Microbiennes, Université de Lausanne)

  • M. Rieger

    (Biotech Research, BMF, Wilhelmsfeld, Klingelstrasse 35)

  • C. Rivolta

    (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Microbiennes, Université de Lausanne)

  • E. Rocha

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique
    Atelier de BioInformatique, Université Paris VI)

  • B. Roche

    (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris Sud, URA CNRS 2225, Université Paris XI–Bâtiment 409)

  • M. Rose

    (Institut für Mikrobiologie, J. W. Goethe-Universität)

  • Y. Sadaie

    (Radioisotope Center, National Insitute of Genetics)

  • T. Sato

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • E. Scanlan

    (Trinity College)

  • S. Schleich

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • R. Schroeter

    (Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Humboldt Universität)

  • F. Scoffone

    (Universita di Pavia)

  • J. Sekiguchi

    (Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1, Tokida)

  • A. Sekowska

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

  • S. J. Seror

    (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris Sud, URA CNRS 2225, Université Paris XI–Bâtiment 409)

  • P. Serror

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • B.-S. Shin

    (Bacterial Molecular Genetics Research Unit, KRIBB)

  • B. Soldo

    (Institut de Génétique et Biologie Microbiennes, Université de Lausanne)

  • A. Sorokin

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • E. Tacconi

    (Universita di Pavia)

  • T. Takagi

    (Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai)

  • H. Takahashi

    (Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tokyo)

  • K. Takemaru

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • M. Takeuchi

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

  • A. Tamakoshi

    (Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University)

  • T. Tanaka

    (School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido Shimizu)

  • P. Terpstra

    (University of Groningen)

  • A. Tognoni

    (Eniricerche)

  • V. Tosato

    (ICGEB, AREA Science Park)

  • S. Uchiyama

    (Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1, Tokida)

  • M. Vandenbol

    (Faculty of Agronomy)

  • F. Vannier

    (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris Sud, URA CNRS 2225, Université Paris XI–Bâtiment 409)

  • A. Vassarotti

    (European Commission, DG XII-E-1, SDME 8/78, Rue de la Loi 200)

  • A. Viari

    (Atelier de BioInformatique, Université Paris VI)

  • R. Wambutt

    (AGOWAmbH, Glienicker Weg 185)

  • E. Wedler

    (AGOWAmbH, Glienicker Weg 185)

  • H. Wedler

    (AGOWAmbH, Glienicker Weg 185)

  • T. Weitzenegger

    (Gesellschaft für Analyse-Technik und Consulting mbH, Fritz-Arnold Straβe 23)

  • P. Winters

    (Genencor International)

  • A. Wipat

    (Immunological and Virological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place)

  • H. Yamamoto

    (Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University 3-15-1, Tokida)

  • K. Yamane

    (Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University)

  • K. Yasumoto

    (Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tokyo)

  • K. Yata

    (Radioisotope Center, National Insitute of Genetics)

  • K. Yoshida

    (Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University, Higashimura-cho, Fukuyama-shi)

  • H.-F. Yoshikawa

    (Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Tokyo)

  • E. Zumstein

    (INRA, Génétique Microbienne, Domaine de Vilvert)

  • H. Yoshikawa

    (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences)

  • A. Danchin

    (Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation de l'Expression Génétique)

Abstract

Bacillus subtilis is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria. Its genome of 4,214,810 base pairs comprises 4,100 protein-coding genes. Of these protein-coding genes, 53% are represented once, while a quarter of the genome corresponds to several gene families that have been greatly expanded by gene duplication, the largest family containing 77 putative ATP-binding transport proteins. In addition, a large proportion of the genetic capacity is devoted to the utilization of a variety of carbon sources, including many plant-derived molecules. The identification of five signal peptidase genes, as well as several genes for components of the secretion apparatus, is important given the capacity of Bacillus strains to secrete large amounts of industrially important enzymes. Many of the genes are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, that are more typically associated with Streptomyces species. The genome contains at least ten prophages or remnants of prophages, indicating that bacteriophage infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular in the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.

Suggested Citation

  • F. Kunst & N. Ogasawara & I. Moszer & A. M. Albertini & G. Alloni & V. Azevedo & M. G. Bertero & P. Bessières & A. Bolotin & S. Borchert & R. Borriss & L. Boursier & A. Brans & M. Braun & S. C. Brigne, 1997. "The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis," Nature, Nature, vol. 390(6657), pages 249-256, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:390:y:1997:i:6657:d:10.1038_36786
    DOI: 10.1038/36786
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    1. Miloš Tišma & Florian Patrick Bock & Jacob Kerssemakers & Hammam Antar & Aleksandre Japaridze & Stephan Gruber & Cees Dekker, 2024. "Direct observation of a crescent-shape chromosome in expanded Bacillus subtilis cells," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    2. Vikash Kumar & Nikhil Raghuvanshi & Abhay K. Pandey & Abhishek Kumar & Emily Thoday-Kennedy & Surya Kant, 2023. "Role of Halotolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Mitigating Salinity Stress: Recent Advances and Possibilities," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-22, January.
    3. David Forrest & Emily A. Warman & Amanda M. Erkelens & Remus T. Dame & David C. Grainger, 2022. "Xenogeneic silencing strategies in bacteria are dictated by RNA polymerase promiscuity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.

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