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Open and Closed Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of National Practices

Author

Listed:
  • Marion Frenz

    (University of London (UK))

  • Ray Lambert

    (Division for S&I Analysis, Department for Business, Innovation & Skills)

Abstract

This paper sets about identifying different and complex innovation practices across nine countries by exploring data from firm level innovation surveys conducted in nine countries: Austria, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea and the United Kingdom. Our results suggest that innovating firms in these countries adopt one or more of the following innovation modes: 1) ‘new-to-market innovating’, 2) ‘marketing based imitating’, 3) ‘process modernising’, 4) ‘wider innovating’. The extent to which IPRs, external technology, design or marketing activities play a role in these innovation practices varies across countries. For example, in Austria, Denmark and New Zealand diffused technology (externally acquired R&D) is used together with own technology in bringing about novel products, suggesting a more open innovation pattern. In contrast, among firms in France, New Zealand and the UK we identify a greater reliance on IPRs (e.g. patents, copyrights and design registrations) while at the same time omitting externally acquired technologies. The latter may be interpreted as leaning towards a closed approach to innovation among a group of firms. Note: Downloadable document is in Russian.

Suggested Citation

  • Marion Frenz & Ray Lambert, 2008. "Open and Closed Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of National Practices," Foresight and STI Governance (Foresight-Russia till No. 3/2015), National Research University Higher School of Economics, vol. 2(3), pages 16-31.
    • Handle: RePEc:hig:fsight:v:2:y:2008:i:3:p:16-31
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    File URL: http://foresight-journal.hse.ru/data/2010/12/31/1208181708/04_16-31.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    innovation; technology innovation;

    JEL classification:

    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

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