Frequency Regulation for State-Space Model-Based Renewables Integrated to Multi-Area Microgrid Systems

This paper focuses on effective frequency regulation of isolated multi-area microgrid structures using polynomial functions extracted from the modelling of renewable sources. This paper highlights the necessity of state-space (SS) formation for intermittent renewables such as solar and wind for specified quantities compared with the standard functions. The approximate gain and time constants for the variable generating sources used in the literature cannot be rationalized while carrying out frequency regulation since it does not epitomize the system dynamics. Thus, the article recommends non-linear modelling of renewables for executing frequency regulation in MATLAB/Simulink. The supremacy of the proposed work in the presence of a 3-degree of freedom (DOF)-based fractional PID controller aided with a recently evolved Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA) is determined through the transient and sensitivity analysis. The augmented results proved the outstanding response of AHA-optimized 3DOF-FOPID-based systems when compared with the existing controllers under variable operating conditions. Stringent evaluation is executed in the presence of commonly used heuristic approaches for witnessing the robustness of the optimized controller. The proposed system’s hardware-in-loop (HIL)-based implementation is also presented in the paper for a significant characterization of its working in the physical environment.