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Comprehensive Analysis of PM 1 Composition in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Basin: A Three-Year Urban Study

Author

Listed:
  • Sujit Das

    (Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India)

  • Anamika Roy

    (Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India)

  • Renu Masiwal

    (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India)

  • Mamun Mandal

    (Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India)

  • Robert Popek

    (Section of Basic Research in Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Monojit Chakraborty

    (Environmental Engineering and Social Planning Division, LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 110044, India)

  • Dinesh Prasad

    (Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India)

  • Filip Chyliński

    (Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, Filtrowa Street 1, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Amit Awasthi

    (Department of Applied Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India)

  • Abhijit Sarkar

    (Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India)

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) pollution poses a severe threat to the environment and health worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the mass concentration, physicochemical characteristics, and emission sources of aerodynamic diameters of ≤1 µm (PM 1 ) within an urban sprawl situated in the eastern Indo-Gangetic basin over three years (2017–2019). The study encompassed the monitoring of PM 1 using an ambient PM 1 sampler; physicochemical characteristics were determined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Possible emission sources were analysed through principal component analysis (PCA) and enrichment factor (EF) analyses. The results showed that the PM 1 concentrations were consistently high throughout the research period, even exceeding the national standards for PM 2.5 and PM 10 , especially during the post-monsoon period. Significant seasonal fluctuations were confirmed by the elemental and inorganic ion analyses, highlighting the dominance of elements like Al, Ca, Fe, K, and Mg and inorganic ions like NH 4 + , SO 4 2− , and NO 3 − . Vehicular exhaust and non-exhaust (47%), sea salt and biomass burning (26%), and industrial activities (10.3%) are the dominant sources of PM 1 . Therefore, the findings are thought-provoking and could inspire policymakers to formulate reduction policies in India.

Suggested Citation

  • Sujit Das & Anamika Roy & Renu Masiwal & Mamun Mandal & Robert Popek & Monojit Chakraborty & Dinesh Prasad & Filip Chyliński & Amit Awasthi & Abhijit Sarkar, 2023. "Comprehensive Analysis of PM 1 Composition in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Basin: A Three-Year Urban Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:20:p:14894-:d:1260322
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robert Popek & Beata Fornal-Pieniak & Filip Chyliński & Magdalena Pawełkowicz & Jan Bobrowicz & Dominika Chrzanowska & Natalia Piechota & Arkadiusz Przybysz, 2022. "Not Only Trees Matter—Traffic-Related PM Accumulation by Vegetation of Urban Forests," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-18, March.
    2. Isidro A. Pérez & Mª Ángeles García & Mª Luisa Sánchez & Nuria Pardo & Beatriz Fernández-Duque, 2020. "Key Points in Air Pollution Meteorology," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-14, November.
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