IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2022i1p421-d1016205.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Mohamed Aden Sharmake

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Khawar Sultan

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Qamar uz Zaman

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Roeya Rehman

    (Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

  • Afzal Hussain

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan)

Abstract

The western region of Somaliland is prone to climate change and variability due to the widespread use of rainfed agriculture, which has been the practice historically since the colonization era; however, this mode of livelihood is losing its significance due to climate change. This research aims to examine the impact of climate elements’ trends (rainfall and temperature) on rainfed agriculture communities and how these changes affect the rainfed agriculture community. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the major trends of precipitation and temperature over the past three decades, and to assess the level of awareness of climate change in communities’ perception of environmental change in terms of rainfed agriculture. Hence, the study adopted a mixed-methodology approach to concluding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the research. The main outcome of this study was that climate change has been an active challenge in western rainfed agriculture regions of Somaliland for the last three decades. Decadal precipitation and temperature trend analysis (1985–2015) indicated reduced rainfall both annual and seasonal, and an increase in annual temperature, both in terms of the maximum and minimum. The decrease in annual total rainfall from the Awdal and Waqooyi Galbeed regions was 2 mm/year and 1.5 mm/year, respectively, while in the long rainy season, the decrease of rainfall was 1.4 mm per season and 0.88 mm per season, respectively. In the case of maximum and minimum annual temperatures, both stations depict an increase in temperature. This increase in temperature was 0.043–0.045 °C for the Awdal region and 0.06–0.02 °C for the Waqooyi Galbeed. The qualitative phase of this study supported the quantitative observations, and respondents (≥45 years of age) reported decreasing annual rainfall, a declining long rainy season, and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. Furthermore, participants mentioned an increase in the occurrence of drought, a reduction of rainfed agriculture productivity, the disappearance of indigenous plants and animals, and an increase of exotic plant species. In addition to that, respondents outlined current adaptation practices; however, these adaptation strategies are short-term, and farmers need more appropriate and practical adaptation practices in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohamed Aden Sharmake & Khawar Sultan & Qamar uz Zaman & Roeya Rehman & Afzal Hussain, 2022. "Decadal Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfed Agriculture Community in Western Somaliland, Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2022:i:1:p:421-:d:1016205
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/421/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/1/421/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Benjamin Kipkemboi Kogo & Lalit Kumar & Richard Koech, 2021. "Climate change and variability in Kenya: a review of impacts on agriculture and food security," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 23-43, January.
    2. Ken Menkhaus, 2003. "State collapse in Somalia: second thoughts," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(97), pages 405-422, September.
    3. Mpandeli, S. & Naidoo, D. & Mabhaudhi, T. & Nhemachena, Charles & Nhamo, Luxon & Liphadzi, S. & Hlahla, S. & Modi, A. T., "undated". "Climate change adaptation through the water-energy-food nexus in southern Africa," Papers published in Journals (Open Access) H048960, International Water Management Institute.
    4. Fano Dargo Girmay* & Gebremedhin Gebreselassie & Aklilu Bajigo, 2018. "Climate Change Risk Management and Coping Strategies for Sustainable Camel Production in the Case of Somali Region, Ethiopia," Journal of Biotechnology Research, Academic Research Publishing Group, vol. 4(9), pages 66-75, 09-2018.
    5. Sylvester Mpandeli & Dhesigen Naidoo & Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi & Charles Nhemachena & Luxon Nhamo & Stanley Liphadzi & Sithabile Hlahla & Albert T. Modi, 2018. "Climate Change Adaptation through the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Southern Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, October.
    6. Baiphethi, Mompati N. & Jacobs, Peter T., 2009. "The contribution of subsistence farming to food security in South Africa," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 48(4), pages 1-24, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sobratee-Fajurally, N. & Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, 2022. "Inclusive sustainable landscape management in West and Central Africa: enabling co-designing contexts for systemic sensibility," IWMI Books, Reports H051652, International Water Management Institute.
    2. Matilda Azong Cho & Abel Ramoelo & Lindiwe M. Sibanda, 2023. "Exploring the Integration of the Land, Water, and Energy Nexus in Sustainable Food Systems Research through a Socio-Economic Lens: A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-21, December.
    3. Crecentia Pamidzai Gandidzanwa & Muchaiteyi Togo, 2022. "Adaptive Responses to Water, Energy, and Food Challenges and Implications on the Environment: An Exploratory Study of Harare," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-19, August.
    4. Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi & Luxon Nhamo & Sylvester Mpandeli & Charles Nhemachena & Aidan Senzanje & Nafisa Sobratee & Pauline Paidamoyo Chivenge & Rob Slotow & Dhesigen Naidoo & Stanley Liphadzi & Albe, 2019. "The Water–Energy–Food Nexus as a Tool to Transform Rural Livelihoods and Well-Being in Southern Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-20, August.
    5. Rebecca J. S. Newman & Charis Enns & Claudia Capitani & Jessica P. R. Thorn & Colin J. Courtney-Mustaphi & Sam J. Buckton & Eugyen Suzanne Om & Ioan Fazey & Tahir A. Haji & Aziza Y. Nchimbi & Rebecca , 2024. "‘Kesho’ Scenario Development for Supporting Water-Energy Food Security under Future Conditions in Zanzibar," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-26, February.
    6. Kristie L. Ebi & Frances Harris & Giles B. Sioen & Chadia Wannous & Assaf Anyamba & Peng Bi & Melanie Boeckmann & Kathryn Bowen & Guéladio Cissé & Purnamita Dasgupta & Gabriel O. Dida & Alexandros Gas, 2020. "Transdisciplinary Research Priorities for Human and Planetary Health in the Context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-25, November.
    7. Łukasz Jarosław Kozar & Adam Sulich, 2023. "Energy Sector’s Green Transformation towards Sustainable Development: A Review and Future Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-18, July.
    8. Kay Howard & Frederich Henneke & Olivia J. B. Chalwin-Milton & Carel J. Oosthuizen & Peter Johnston & Kirsty L. Bayliss, 2023. "Plasma activated water offers food security opportunities by increasing shelf life of freshwater fisheries products in South Africa," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 15(3), pages 839-853, June.
    9. Sagar Shelare & Ravinder Kumar & Trupti Gajbhiye & Sumit Kanchan, 2023. "Role of Geothermal Energy in Sustainable Water Desalination—A Review on Current Status, Parameters, and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-22, March.
    10. Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie & Maruf Yakubu Ahmed & Phebe Asantewaa Owusu, 2022. "Global adaptation readiness and income mitigate sectoral climate change vulnerabilities," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, December.
    11. Abdoul G. Sam & Babatunde O. Abidoye & Sihle Mashaba, 2021. "Climate change and household welfare in sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from Swaziland," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 13(2), pages 439-455, April.
    12. David W. Olivier, 2018. "A Cropping System for Resource-Constrained Urban Agriculture: Lessons from Cape Town," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-12, December.
    13. Majiwa, Eucabeth Bosibori Opande & Lee, Boon & Wilson, Clevo, 2015. "Multi-lateral multi-output measurement of productivity: the case of African agriculture," 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy 212769, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    14. SIngh Verma, Juhee & Sharma, Pritee, 2019. "Potential of Organic Farming to Mitigate Climate Change and Increase Small Farmers’ Welfare," MPRA Paper 99994, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Naidoo, Dhesigen & Nhamo, Luxon & Mpandeli, Sylvester & Sobratee, Nafisa & Senzanje, Aidan & Liphadzi, Stanley & Slotow, Rob & Jacobson, Michael & Modi, Albert T. & Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, 2021. "Operationalising the water-energy-food nexus through the theory of change," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    16. Joel O. Botai & Christina M. Botai & Katlego P. Ncongwane & Sylvester Mpandeli & Luxon Nhamo & Muthoni Masinde & Abiodun M. Adeola & Michael G. Mengistu & Henerica Tazvinga & Miriam D. Murambadoro & S, 2021. "A Review of the Water–Energy–Food Nexus Research in Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-26, February.
    17. Benjamin C. Wilde & Eva Lieberherr & Andrew E. Okem & Johan Six, 2019. "Nitrified Human Urine as a Sustainable and Socially Acceptable Fertilizer: An Analysis of Consumer Acceptance in Msunduzi, South Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, April.
    18. Fakudze, Bhekiwe Delisile, 2015. "An economic evaluation of the National Red Meat Development Programme in the Eastern Cape Province, South Aftrica," Research Theses 265579, Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.
    19. Simphiwe Innocentia Hlatshwayo & Temitope Oluwaseun Ojo & Albert Thembinkosi Modi & Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi & Rob Slotow & Mjabuliseni Simon Cloapas Ngidi, 2022. "The Determinants of Market Participation and Its Effect on Food Security of the Rural Smallholder Farmers in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-16, July.
    20. Agyapong, Nana Ama & Annan, Reginald A. & Apprey, Charles & Aryeetey, Richmond, 2022. "A review of Ghana’s food system and its implications on sustainability and the development of national food-based dietary guidelines," African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND), African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND), vol. 22(02).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2022:i:1:p:421-:d:1016205. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.